遥感技术在基层环境监测单位的常见应用

卫星遥感成为环境监测的新手段,基层环保部门由于受技术装备、知识储备、资金的限制,只能开展部分工作。文章介绍了常见的数据源,基层单位可开展的常见工作及取得的工作经验。期望为广大环保基层单位在现有条件下开展遥感环境监测工作提供参考。     

海洋环境立体监测技术

为了保护和合理利用海洋,必须对海洋环境进行长期连续、多要素、多维空间的立体监控。海洋环境立体监测系统技术摒弃了传统将水样带回实验室预处理、存放再进行后期分析的低效方法,极大地提高了数据的采集效率,减轻了海洋监测工作者的劳动强度,节省了人力、物力和财力。本文介绍了海洋环境立体监测技术中的系统集成及数据分析平台等。     

生物技术在环境监测中的应用

文章介绍了实验室常用的生物监测方法,从生物学角度来判断环境污染的程度,为环境质量的监测和评价提供依据。着重对细菌学监测、隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的监测、浮游动植物监测、生物综合毒性监测等进行了专门论述。     

环境空气质量自动监测系统数据的三级审核

目前,环境空气自动监测已成为我国城市环境空气监测的主要技术手段,我国已有百余个城市拥有这类监测系统。由于此类系统监测具有实时在线的特点,因此数据量很大,本文针对环境空气自动监测系统日常运行中获取的大量数据进行三级审核的特点,提出了如何加强环境空气自动监测系统中日常监测数据的审核工作。     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Nutrient and Sediment Loading to Lake Tahoe,California‐Nevada,USA

Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has provided stream‐discharge and water quality data—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment—at more than 20 stations in Lake Tahoe Basin streams. To characterize the temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient and sediment loading to the lake, and improve the usefulness of the program and the existing database, we have (1) identified and corrected for sources of bias in the water quality database; (2) generated synthetic datasets for sediments and nutrients, and resampled to compare the accuracy and precision of different load calculation models; (3) using the best models, recalculated total annual loads over the period of record; (4) regressed total loads against total annual and annual maximum daily discharge, and tested for time trends in the residuals; (5) compared loads for different forms of N and P; and (6) tested constituent loads against land use‐land cover (LULC) variables using multiple regression. The results show (1) N and P loads are dominated by organic N and particulate P; (2) there are significant long‐term downward trends in some constituent loads of some streams; and (3) anthropogenic impervious surface is the most important LULC variable influencing water quality in basin streams. Many of our recommendations for changes in water quality monitoring and load calculation methods have been adopted by the LTIMP.     

浅议环境监测档案的建立和运用

通过分析目前环境监测站监测档案建立和运用中存在的问题,探讨了档案的建立方法及在环境监测和环境管理中的运用。     

浅谈如何加强县级环境监测站的能力建设和发展

落实全国环境监测工作会议精神,抓好县级环境监测站建设,推动农村环境监测工作开展。如何加强县级环境监测站能力建设,应从以下几个方面抓起:加快环境监测转型,提高县级监测站地位;加强环境监测队伍的能力建设,加大对其经济投入;加强专业技术水平、提升监测业务能力;加强环境监测质量管理体系建设,不断优化环境监测工作。     

核电燃料元件厂环境辐射监测与评价

本文对 1994～ 1998年核电燃料元件生产所排放的放射性流出物及环境辐射进行了监测分析。结果表明 ,在正常生产运行情况下 ,放射性流出物对周围公众造成的年最大个人有效剂量当量是 7 2 6× 10 -2 mSv ,远低于公众剂量限值。评价半径为80km范围内的集体有效剂量当量为 4 70× 10 -2 人·Sv/a。     

Comprehensive temperature monitoring in an in-vessel forced-aeration static-bed composting process

Comprehensive temperature monitoring was done in an in-vessel forced-aeration static-bed composting process using sewage sludge. The three layers that divided the compost pile horizontally showed different temperature distributions. The temperature of the top layer appeared not to be influenced by the ambient temperature. The temperature of the center area of the top layer was taken to be the representative temperature for evaluating composting start-up performance. The temperature of the bottom layer was strongly influenced by the ambient temperature, and the temperature of the center area of the bottom layer was taken to be the representative temperature for pathogen control as it was the minimum temperature in the reactor. Composting start-up performance was influenced by several factors when the ambient temperature was either below or above 20°C. When the ambient temperature was below 20°C, the time taken to reach 65°C (T ₆₅) was influenced by the temperature of inflowing air, but when the temperature was higher than 20°C, it was influenced by the ratio of sewage sludge to seed compost (F/S). T ₆₅ was least when F/S was 1–2. Received: January 9, 2001 / Accepted: October 10, 2001     

大气-气溶胶在线装置和离子色谱联用技术对西安市灰霾天气的监测研究

本文使用美国URG公司生产的大气气溶胶(PM2.5)水溶性组分/大气(气态污染物)在线监测分析系统,对西安市2013年1月持续近一月的灰霾天气空气质量污染的全过程,进行了连续不间断监测、分析研究,结果表明:结合西安市气候状况和地形等因素,汽车尾气、集中采暖等人类活动才是造成这次西安市冬季灰霾天气的主要因素.