炉渣与生物炭施加对福州平原水稻田温室气体排放的后续影响

为了探讨炉渣与生物炭施加对稻田温室气体的排放是否具有后续效应,于2015年早、晚稻秧苗移栽前对稻田进行施加生物炭(B)、炉渣(S)和生物炭+炉渣(混施)处理(BS),以不施加处理作为对照(CK). 2 a后(2017年)在早、晚稻生长期,分别测定了不同试验组稻田温室气体CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放通量.结果表明,在水稻生长期,对照、生物炭、炉渣和混施处理CO₂的平均排放通量分别为(1 723. 66±194. 56)、(1 245. 52±155. 05)、(1 140. 29±79. 68)和(1 055. 83±62. 13) mg·(m²·h)^-1,生物炭、炉渣和混施这3种施加处理CO₂的排放通量均比对照组有显著降低(P <0. 05),降低比例分别达27. 74%、33. 84%和38. 75%. CH₄的平均排放通量为(0. 45±0. 03)、(0. 40±0. 05)、(0. 36±0. 10...     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

“双杂”间作稻在开发冬水田中的效果

四川省中稻→冬水田近2000万亩,集中分布于盆地丘陵区,资源丰富。为发挥它的增产潜力,将中稻改为“双杂”间作稻,增产极显著。其中威优49间汕优63,双行间作,早稻科距8cm、窄行15cm、宽行49cm 中嵌插2行晚稻的小区,亩产728.0～776.9kg,比同田毗邻的汕优63中稻增产31.4%～45.0%,增加纯收入56.46元,为丘陵区中稻→冬水田的合理利用开辟了一条很好的途径。     

上海郊区稻田氮素流失研究

通过测坑和大田小区试验，研究了上海郊区稻田氮素排水流失和渗漏流失的特征、相关因素和流失负荷。结果表明，稻田综合排水TN为6.55mg／L，流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2，以铵态氮为主，稻田氮素的排水流失负荷为16．68kg／hm^2。稻田渗漏水氮浓度与前茬作物有关，草莓和蔬菜高，麦茬低，TN为5．73mg／L，渗漏负荷为22．92kg／hm^2，其中硝态氮占50％左右。稻田氮素总流失负荷占稻季化肥用量的13．23％。测坑和大田试验都证明，施用有机肥可较多地减少稻田氮素流失量。     

Evolution of plant volatile production in insect-plant relationships

Summary The production of volatile secondary plant substances during the evolution of terrestrial plants is reviewed in regard to the defensive systems of plants to microorganisms and herbivores. Plant volatiles can be produced by both anabolic and catabolic processes. Although attraction of pollinators is a well-studied phenomenon, functions of volatiles range from excretion of waste products to the production of compounds attracting natural enemies of herbivores. During the evolution of the angiosperms a diversity of volatiles were selected to defend generative parts against microorganisms. Many of these allomones were related to or even identical with sex pheromones of insects. As a result flowers of angiosperms became utilized as a mating site. Consequently insects visiting flowers became involved in pollination, facilitating the steps from anemophily to entomophily. The efficiency of entomophily was increased because of nutritional rewards.An evolutionary scenario for the impact of plant volatiles on insects is presented and the role of volatile allomones in the establishment of plant-insect relationships is emphasized by (1) their strong antimicrobial properties, (2) strategies to protect symbiotic microorganisms, (3) their function as repellents and deterrents, (4) the use of volatile allomones as kairomones. These facts speak for an adaptation of insects to plant physiology and a limited importance of phytophagous insects in selection pressure upon plants. Herbivorous insects have realized specific adaptations to be able to discriminate between complex odour blends, but the utilization of chemical groups among insect taxa is different.The main theories on plant chemical defence do not discuss the impact of volatiles on host plant selection and may be apt to revision when pheromones, allomones, kairomones and synomones are not taken into account.     

极低频电磁场对萌发期大豆的生物学效应

观察了50Hz.0.2mT或6.0mT的电磁场暴露对大豆的萌发过程，丙二醛（MDA）含量，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），过氧化氢酶（CAT），过氧化物酶（POD），蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量以及幼苗根茎的组织形态学影响。结果表明：电磁场暴露下，大豆的开始萌发时间由32h提前到8h，萌发率到达50％的时间由72h分别提前到48h(0.2mT组）和40h(6.0mT组）；MDA含量随磁场强度的增大而下降；SOD，POD活性随磁场强度的增大而升高，而CAT活性在0.2mT暴露组下降，在6.0mT暴露组升高；蛋白酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量分别随磁场强度的增大升高或降低。幼苗根茎细胞的大小和形态没有明显变化。结果提示，极低频电磁场可以改变抗氧化酶的活性，减缓脂质过氧化，增强蛋白酶的活性，促进大豆的萌发过程。图4参6。     

抚顺市不同行业废水生物毒性监测研究

废水生物毒性监测与评价,能全面地反映废水对水生态的影响状况和程度.本文采用发光菌、蚕豆根尖、鱼类等生物指标,应用生物毒理监测方法,对抚顺市石油、化工、金属、食品及制药等五大类行业废水的毒性进行了监测与评价.结果表明:各行业废水对鱼类的生物毒性依次为制药＞食品＞石油＞化工＞冶金;对发光菌急性毒性依次为制药＞冶金＞食品＞石油＞化工;对蚕豆根尖遗传物质DNA影响程度分别是制药＞食品＞冶金＞化工＞石油.     

锶同位素在沉积学中的应用新进展

随着分析测试技术的不断提高 ,锶同位素研究取得了重大进展。近年来 ,显生宙以来海水锶同位素的变化曲线不断得以补充和修正 ,已建立起具有全球一致性、可对比的海水锶同位素变化曲线背景值 ,为锶同位素的应用奠定了基础。现在 ,锶同位素不仅在示踪岩浆及成矿热液的来源和演化、计算晚期成岩改造作用的规模和程度及流体 /岩石比等方面已趋于成熟 ,并且越来越广泛运用于海平面变化、板块活动、海底扩张、成岩演化等方面的研究。此外 ,在一些热点研究上 ,如全球变化、生态环境等方面 ,也逐渐显现出重要性     

对天然气水合物预防管理保障安全生产的研究

为了保障陆上气田冬季天然气安全生产,防止因天然气水合物导致安全事故,采用鱼骨图法对陆上气田天然气水合物产生的原因进行系统分析。分析显示,导致天然气水合物产生的根本原因,出现在天然气产能建设和日常生产管理各环节,以及单井、输气管道和集气站各生产场所,为防止天然气水合物产生,针对原因采用5W1H法进行管理,从而达到对冬季天然气生产主要安全风险进行有效控制的目标。     

关于我国NOx排放总量控制的探讨

从NO_x总量控制的必要性和重要性出发,根据目前已具有的基础条件,对需要重点控制的领域进行探讨.提出了进一步完善NO_x排放标准,对电厂实行NO_x总量控制,完善汽车新排放法规之间的衔接,发展绿色公共交通,限制市区轿车行驶总量,进一步开展NO_x排放因子研究及开展排放控制对策研究等6项建议.