太原市多环芳烃(PAHs)排放清单与分布特征分析

根据太原市11种主要排放源的排放因子和活动量数据,估算了美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)优先控制污染物清单中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的年排放量.结果表明2010年太原市16种PAHs的排放量约为332.10t,其中7种致癌性PAHs排放总量为35.11t.从排放源看,生活燃煤和炼焦煤是太原市排放PAHs的主要来源,占总排放量的65%以上.从各地区的PAHs排放情况看,排放量最大的地区是清徐县(87t/a),占总排放的27%.其次为古交市(54t/a)、晋源区(44t/a)、尖草坪区(40t/a).各地区人均收入与单位GDP排放量之间呈负相关 (R2=0.727);各地区PAHs排放量与农村人口之间呈正相关(R2=0.813),从排放谱看,排放以低环PAHs为主(81%),致癌性PAHs占总排放量的10.6%.结果表明,太原市PAHs的排放与太原市特殊的能源结构和人群结构有关.     

振打机构摆臂疲劳寿命仿真及可靠性分析

目的 针对振打机构关键部件摆臂,开展疲劳寿命及关键参数影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据,校核摆臂设计是否满足使用要求。方法 基于S-N曲线进行振打机构摆臂的寿命仿真,开展动力学仿真与应力仿真,获得不同温度下摆臂最低寿命与管壁壁厚的关系。通过对关键寿命影响参数进行影响程度仿真分析,获得寿命分布及可靠性数据。结果 当摆臂壁厚大于1.77mm时,摆臂的平均寿命大于144万次,满足产品设计要求。疲劳寿命与弹性模量E负相关,与抗拉强度和表面加工系数正相关。可靠度R取0.8时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为29 005次;可靠度R取0.9时,摆臂的可靠寿命约为11 891次。结论 振打机构摆臂壁厚需大于1.77 mm,摆臂表面质量系数大于0.827 3,材质抗拉强度大于907.76 MPa,弹性模量E小于2.041×10^(5)MPa。     

基于面积-高程积分的地下水动态分析——以泾惠渠灌区为例

为了研究泾惠渠灌区的地下水动态特征,探讨面积-高程积分在地下水动态分析中的可行性,利用ArcGIS空间分析工具计算了灌区地下水面积-高程积分数据,绘制了不同时期的地下水面积-高程积分曲线,分析了灌区地下水水位与储存量动态特征。结果显示:1978?—?2012年,泾惠渠灌区地下水面积-高程积分值为0.46、0.44、0.38、0.39,表明地下水水位与储存量整体呈下降趋势;1991?—?2012年,410.00?—?446.19 m水位区间面积由1978年的2.54下降为0,342.51?—?360.00 m水位区间面积多年持续增加,中等水位区间存在演化差异性,反映出不同时期地下水开发强度具有空间变异性;以1978年为基准,至2012年地下水储存量减少约7.08×10~8 m~3;降水、地表水引水量、人工开采是影响泾惠渠灌区地下水动态的重要因素,补排失衡是引起灌区地下水储存量下降的主要原因。研究表明:面积-高程积分曲线可以表征地下水水位空间结构特征和储存量的变化情况,利用面积-高程积分值能够近似估算地下水储存量变化量,证明了面积-高程积分在地下水动态研究中具有一定的实用性。     

近15a江苏省水源涵养功能时空变化与影响因素探析

定量评估生态系统服务功能是合理利用自然资源、促进人地关系与可持续发展的基础。以江苏省为研究区,基于InVEST模型产水模块,定量分析了江苏省2000~2015年产水功能和水源涵养功能的时空变化特征,并采用回归分析和主成分分析法评估了水源涵养功能与社会经济要素之间的关系。结果表明：（1）江苏省多年平均产水量为571×108 m³/a,水源涵养总量78.39×108 m³/a;（2）2000~2010年江苏省水源涵养功能呈下降趋势,2010~2015年有所回升,考虑到降水因素,江苏省实际水源涵养功能持续降低;（3）土地利用变化使15a来水源涵养功能下降15.2×108 m³,降低幅度为16.9%;（4）流域尺度上水源涵养功能与江苏社会经济因素相关关系不显著。研究结果可以为土地利用优化、流域水资源管理提供科学参考和支持。     

“Science is Everywhere,but No One Knows It”: Assessing the Cultural Distance to Science of Rural South African Publics

ABSTRACT

In science communication, a prerequisite for reaching different parts of a society is to find out how these publics experience and interpret science. Since rural South African publics are perceived to exhibit a large cultural distance to science, the present exploratory study aimed to know in more detail how rural South Africans perceive and understand science in their local and social contexts. Theoretical notions on cultural distance and the methodological approach of segmentation studies were considered. Semi-structured interviews with rural South Africans were carried out in four towns (n?=?52) that differ with respect to having a large scientific installation in their vicinity, or not. Sensitively comparing local and social contexts helped identifying three different publics who differed regarding their perceptions of science; however, the large scientific installations only made a difference in perceptions for those publics who were generally less exposed to and less knowledgeable about science.     

Food for Thought: Audience Engagement with Sustainability Messages in Branded Content

Branded platforms are a growing “gray-zone” of marketing and media messages, in which corporations and news journalists partner to create content that supports strategic corporate goals while aligning with a publication’s scope of editorial coverage. As corporations are key influencers of and contributors to environmental communication, this trend has the potential to change environmental dialogue. In this article, we closely examine messages about food and sustainability, created in partnership by Chipotle Mexican Grill and the Huffington Post news site. We illustrate how use of a branded platform expanded the scope of environmental topics, issues, and frames that Chipotle addresses, how frames identified here connect to frames in coverage of science-related issues, as identified by other scholars, and discuss how branded platforms allow corporations to draw attention to polarizing environmental issues while protecting stakeholder relationships and brand reputation.     

巢湖表层沉积物重金属生物有效性与生态风险评价

以巢湖表层沉积物为对象,对重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)总量及形态进行分析并运用潜在风险指数法和风险评价编码两种方法对巢湖表层沉积物重金属的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,巢湖表层沉积物中的重金属含量表现为西部湖区高,东部湖区低的特征,其中南淝河入湖区重金属含量是全湖的1.09~1.21倍.BCR形态分析表明,巢湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni和Cu以残渣态为主(分别占总量82.99%、63.63%和54.25%),Cd和Zn以弱酸提取态为主(分别占总量55.96%和35.84%),Pb以可还原态和可氧化态为主(分别占总量39.66%和24.56%).潜在生态风险危害指数(RI)表明,南淝河入湖河口区域具有较大生态风险(RI值范围为351.54~381.17).风险评价编码方法(RAC) 的结果显示,Cd处于极高风险水平,Zn基本处于高风险水平,Cu 和Ni处于中低风险,Pb处于低风险水平,Cr各采样点均处于无风险.因此, 对需着重考虑对南淝河入湖湖区的Cd和Zn元素的重点治理.     

贵阳市道路灰尘和土壤重金属来源识别比较

通过对89个城市土壤样和78个道路灰尘样中重金属含量的对比,利用多元统计方法识别研究区的元素来源.结果显示道路灰尘元素含量一般高于土壤.就均值而言,灰尘中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Cr含量超过土壤中相应元素含量,灰尘中Zn含量与土壤中Zn含量相当,只有灰尘中As含量略低于土壤.灰尘中元素含量都高于中国和贵州表层土壤背景值,土壤中元素含量除Pb外都高于中国和贵州表层土壤背景值.Cd,Cr,Pb,Hg,Cu和Zn含量较高主要是受人为因素的影响.贵阳市道路灰尘和土壤中8种元素有着不同的来源.相关分析、主成分分析表明交通排放等人为因素是重金属主要来源,外来客土也是重金属重要来源;灰尘Pb主要来源于交通排放和钢铁厂;而土壤Cr具有复合污染的特征,主要来源于外来客土.     

华北地区冬半年空气污染天气客观分型研究

利用2013—2016年冬半年ERA-interim再分析资料,以及同期空气污染资料、地面常规气象观测资料和探空资料,采用PCT (Principal Component Analysis in T-mode)客观分型方法对华北地区冬半年海平面气压场进行天气分型,并探究不同月份不同天气型对应的空气污染状况及污染气象参数分布特征,进而从污染气象学的角度揭示重污染潜势天气型的气候特征.结果表明:冬半年海平面气压场共对应9种天气类型,其中,5型(均压场型)、6型(高压内部型)和8型(高压后部型)为3种重污染潜势天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为144.11、136.99和148.26μg·m~(-3),而1型(T型高压前部型)和3型(低压底部型)为两种清洁天气型,冬半年对应的PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为97.12和80.83μg·m~(-3);重污染潜势天气型对应的边界层结构呈现出稳定能量大、混合层厚度和通风系数小的大气层结稳定的静稳天气特征,其能够反映大气污染潜势;研究还发现,即使是同一天气型,其在不同月份对污染物的扩散影响也存在差异,因此,建议在今后的污染潜势天气型研究中分月份进行.本研究可为华北地区空气污染潜势预报及大气重污染预报预警的客观化、自动化提供科学依据和技术支持.     

A transportation network assessment tool for hazardous material cargo routing: Weighing exposure health risks,proximity to vulnerable areas,delay costs and trucking expenses

The inherent risks associated with accidental releases of hazardous materials during transport have drawn attention and concerns in the recent decades. The aim of this study is to propose a tool for evaluation and comparison of the transportation networks which can be used to assess the routing options between origins and destinations of the cargos for their suitability for transporting hazardous material cargos by tanker trucks and to identify routes which provide lower accidental release risks, lower public exposure risks, and offer economical benefits. Each route segment of transportation networks were evaluated using specific criteria which included health risk and cost of delay in case of an accidental release of materials, trucking cost and proximity to vulnerable areas. Since, the health impact of hazardous materials differ depending on the characteristics of the material being transported as well as release quantities and atmospheric conditions; this paper aimed in providing a tool that can be used to estimate the impact radius (for health risks) after accidental release of hazardous materials by taking into account different atmospheric conditions based on the meteorological data and solar elevation angle. The Gaussian air dispersion model paired with ArcGIS using Python programming were employed to estimate the health risk impact zones by considering the meteorological data, and accordingly to analyze road segments for cost impacts (delay and trucking costs), and the proximity to vulnerable areas. The route assessment tool was demonstrated with a case study. The results of this study can efficiently aid decision makers for transportation of hazardous materials.