Rural development with environmental sustainability

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同步硝化与反硝化(SND)好氧颗粒污泥脱氮过程初步研究

研究好氧颗粒污泥的同步硝化反硝化脱氮,寻找消除氮素对水体污染的途径。在反应器中培养了好氧条件下具有同步硝化反硝化功能的颗粒污泥,进行脱氮过程研究。好氧颗粒污泥为无载体结构,直径2～3 mm,其构成松隙,具有厌(兼)氧与好氧微生物生长代谢的环境;反应液中氨氮浓度为201 mg·L-1时,6 h反应周期内氨完全被氧化,出水中检测不到NO2--N,仅残留2 mg·L-1的N03一N,硝化与反硝化两个过程完成了脱氮反应,颗粒污泥中存在硝化细菌和反硝化细菌;改变反应器中进水有机物浓度,发现COD浓度越大,氮去除率越低,硝化细菌在高有机物浓度下反应活性受抑制,自养硝化细菌竞争氧及其他营养物质的能力弱于异养细菌;在好氧条件下(4 mgO2·L-1),进水中不加有机碳源,反应6 h后NH4+-N去除率达75％,反应过程中pH值下降,说明颗粒污泥中硝化细菌为自养型,硝化反应产酸降低反应器中pH值;在厌氧条件下,进水COD和NO3--N浓度分别为227.25 mg·L-1和103.63 mg·L-1,反应结束后,NO3--N去除率为74％,反应过程中pH值呈上升趋势,证明了好氧颗粒污泥中存在厌氧反硝化细菌,且反硝化细菌生长于颗粒污泥内部的厌氧区域,反硝化产碱使反应液pH值上升。     

絮凝沉淀和人工湿地技术在河流污染治理中的应用

海新河是浑河抚顺城市段的一级支流,水质超过国家地表水V类标准,外观上发黑、发臭,己蜕化成为城市排污沟。其水质状况直接影响浑河水环境功能,继而影响辽河流域的总体水质。针对海新河污染特点,采用絮凝沉淀和人工湿地技术对海新河进行工程治理,建设一座占地1.1万平方米日处理能力6万吨的一级污水处理厂和一块占地4.95万平方米的人工湿地,工程实施后海新河水质达到地表水IV类水体标准,并达到中水回水标准,具有良好的经济、环境和社会效益。     

Prenatal diagnosis of tetrasomy 47,XY, + i(12p) confirmed by in situ hybridization

A case of tetrasomy i(12p) detected prenatally is reported. The patient, a black, 33-year-old G3P2002 at 24 weeks' gestation with an unremarkable family history presented herself for prenatal care. Ultrasound examination showed a fetus with diminished femoral and humeral lengths, and hydramnios. A level II scan confirmed the presence of an omphalocele. Amniocentesis at 31 weeks showed 47,XY, + i(12p) karyotype. An infant with multiple congenital anomalies was delivered at 34 weeks. The infant died after 5 h. Genetic and ultrasonographic examinations in the third trimester were helpful in the investigation of this fetus with multiple congenital anomalies. The careful, complete team counselling afforded by this approach enabled the mother and family to be well adjusted to the strong possibility (and subsequent reality) of an abnormal infant.     

Evolution of Nesting Height in an Endangered Hawaiian Forest Bird in Response to a Non‐Native Predator

Abstract: The majority of bird extinctions since 1800 have occurred on islands, and non‐native predators have been the greatest threat to the persistence of island birds. Island endemic species often lack life‐history traits and behaviors that reduce the probability of predation and they can become evolutionarily trapped if they are unable to adapt, but few studies have examined the ability of island species to respond to novel predators. The greatest threat to the persistence of the Oahu Elepaio (Chasiempis ibidis), an endangered Hawaiian forest bird, is nest predation by non‐native black rats (Rattus rattus). I examined whether Oahu Elepaio nest placement has changed at the individual and population levels in response to rat predation by measuring nest height and determining whether each nest produced offspring from 1996 to 2011. Average height of Oahu Elepaio nests increased 50% over this 16‐year period, from 7.9 m (SE 1.7) to 12.0 m (SE 1.1). There was no net change in height of sequential nests made by individual birds, which means individual elepaios have not learned to place nests higher. Nests ≤3 m off the ground produced offspring less often, and the proportion of such nests declined over time, which suggests that nest‐building behavior has evolved through natural selection by predation. Nest success increased over time, which may increase the probability of long‐term persistence of the species. Rat control may facilitate the evolution of nesting height by slowing the rate of population decline and providing time for this adaptive response to spread through the population.     

我国废旧家电管理制度体系初探

在对我国废旧家电的属性进行分析的基础上，研究了我国废旧家电管理涉及的对象及主要任务，强调了我国建设废旧家电管理制度体系的必要性，并提出了一系列管理制度的建议。     

The Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on Annual Floods in the Rivers of Western Canada

We analyzed annual peak flow series from 127 naturally flowing or naturalized streamflow gauges across western Canada to examine the impact of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on annual flood risk, which has been previously unexamined in detail. Using Spearman's rank correlation ρ and permutation tests on quantile‐quantile plots, we show that higher magnitude floods are more likely during the negative phase of the PDO than during the positive phase (shown at 38% of the stations by Spearman's rank correlations and at 51% of the stations according to the permutation tests). Flood frequency analysis (FFA) stratified according to PDO phase suggests that higher magnitude floods may also occur more frequently during the negative PDO phase than during the positive phase. Our results hold throughout much of this region, with the upper Fraser River Basin, the Columbia River Basin, and the North Saskatchewan River Basin particularly subject to this effect. Our results add to other researchers' work questioning the wholesale validity of the key assumption in FFA that the annual peak flow series at a site is independently and identically distributed. Hence, knowledge of large‐scale climate state should be considered prior to the design and construction of infrastructure.     

Motivating landowners to recruit neighbors for private land conservation

Encouraging motivated landowners to not only engage in conservation action on their own property but also to recruit others may enhance effectiveness of conservation on private lands. Landowners may only engage in such recruitment if they believe their neighbors care about the conservation issue, will positively respond to their conservation efforts, and are likely to take action for the conservation cause. We designed a series of microinterventions that can be added to community meetings to change these beliefs to encourage landowner engagement in recruitment of others. The microinterventions included neighbor discussion, public commitment making, collective goal setting, and increased observability of contributions to the conservation cause. In a field experiment, we tested whether adding microinterventions to traditional knowledge-transfer outreach meetings changed those beliefs so as to encourage landowners in Hawaii to recruit their neighbors for private lands conservation. We delivered a traditional outreach meeting about managing the invasive little fire ant (Wasmannia auropunctata) to 5 communities and a traditional outreach approach with added microinterventions to 5 other communities. Analysis of pre- and post-surveys of residents showed that compared with the traditional conservation outreach approach, the microinterventions altered a subset of beliefs that landowners had about others. These microinterventions motivated reputationally minded landowners to recruit and coordinate with other residents to control the invasive fire ant across property boundaries. Our results suggest integration of these microinterventions into existing outreach approaches will encourage some landowners to facilitate collective conservation action across property boundaries.     

Extinction in a hyperdiverse endemic Hawaiian land snail family and implications for the underestimation of invertebrate extinction

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List includes 832 species listed as extinct since 1600, a minuscule fraction of total biodiversity. This extinction rate is of the same order of magnitude as the background rate and has been used to downplay the biodiversity crisis. Invertebrates comprise 99% of biodiversity, yet the status of a negligible number has been assessed. We assessed extinction in the Hawaiian land snail family Amastridae (325 species, IUCN lists 33 as extinct). We did not use the stringent IUCN criteria, by which most invertebrates would be considered data deficient, but a more realistic approach comparing historical collections with modern surveys and expert knowledge. Of the 325 Amastridae species, 43 were originally described as fossil or subfossil and were assumed to be extinct. Of the remaining 282, we evaluated 88 as extinct and 15 as extant and determined that 179 species had insufficient evidence of extinction (though most are probably extinct). Results of statistical assessment of extinction probabilities were consistent with our expert evaluations of levels of extinction. Modeling various extinction scenarios yielded extinction rates of 0.4‐14.0% of the amastrid fauna per decade. The true rate of amastrid extinction has not been constant; generally, it has increased over time. We estimated a realistic average extinction rate as approximately 5%/decade since the first half of the nineteenth century. In general, oceanic island biotas are especially susceptible to extinction and global rate generalizations do not reflect this. Our approach could be used for other invertebrates, especially those with restricted ranges (e.g., islands), and such an approach may be the only way to evaluate invertebrates rapidly enough to keep up with ongoing extinction.     

二苯并噻吩降解菌的筛选鉴定及煤脱硫的研究

从某石油化工厂的气浮池附近的土壤中,分离得到1株能降解二苯并噻吩的菌株DBZT,经菌株的形态特征、生理生化指标和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定属于苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum sp.)。GC-MS分析菌株的发酵液,表明该菌株能将二苯并噻吩还原生成联苯。应用正交实验的方法研究了苍白杆菌DBZT在煤炭脱硫过程中煤粒度、菌液接种量和浸滤时间3个因素的组合对其脱硫效果的影响,并筛选出各因素的最佳实验条件。实验结果表明,浸滤时间对煤脱硫效率的影响最为显著。在浸滤时间为24 h,煤粒度小于0.094 mm,接种的细菌数量为3×106cfu/g煤样的条件下,菌株DBZT脱去全硫的效果最佳,达到16.28%。