湖南省典型地区水田土壤锑和砷元素纵向迁移行为分析

为探讨锑(Sb)和砷(As)在土壤中的纵向迁移行为及其差异,采集湖南省典型地区水田土壤20个剖面共100个样品,对水田土壤中Sb和As的含量、垂直分布特征及其纵向迁移行为差异进行研究,为湖南省水田土壤环境影响评价和污染防控以及进一步探寻Sb和As环境行为和来源提供科学依据。结果表明：水田土壤Sb和As含量分别为1.61±1.79 mg/kg和13.48±6.57 mg/kg; Sb在表层土壤富集,Sb随深度的增加含量逐渐下降,As在土壤剖面中累积明显,随深度的增加含量逐渐上升。两者相比,As元素在水田土壤周期性氧化还原过程中淋溶释放更强烈,其纵向迁移能力也更强。Sb和As在土壤中表现不同氧化还原性质是影响其纵向迁移行为的主要因素,土壤理化性质及成土母质也在一定程度上影响了Sb、As的纵向迁移。     

纳米级TiO2抑制微囊藻生长的实验研究

纳米级TiO2表观上可吸附并抑制单细胞原核蓝藻铜绿微囊藻大型变种的生长。从生理上分析纳米级TiO2具有促进藻内O2^-.的产生、抑制包括SOD、CAT在内的抗氧化酶系与总抗氧化能力，最终表现在藻体可溶性蛋白含量下降、脂质氢过氧化物含量积累的增加。激光扫描共聚焦分析结果表明纳米级TiO2处理过的藻体自发荧光强度较对照明显减弱，显示其生命力的降低。     

镍网负载纳米TiO_2光催化反应器对酸性品红脱色效果实验研究

采用负载纳米TiO2的三维镍网装配了光催化反应器,就其对酸性品红溶液进行脱色效果进行了实验研究。考察了反应器的3种装配条件、品红初始浓度、pH值、H2O2投加量、紫外光剂量等因素对酸性品红脱色效果的影响。结果表明:UV灯+镍网+TiO2模式组合的反应器脱色效果最好;在相同的处理时间内酸性品红溶液的脱色率随起始浓度的增大而减小;将酸性品红溶液pH值调至5时脱色效果最明显,70 min的脱色率可高达94.8%。脱色效果还可以通过溶液中添加H2O2和控制紫外线剂量来调节。当溶液中H2O2投加量为0.5 g/L时,处理70 min后的脱色率可高达98.3%;到达反应界面紫外光剂量越多则能够获得越高的酸性品红脱色率。     

Pantoea sp.IMH介导土壤中砷锑的形态转化

砷(As)、锑(Sb)污染是世界范围内比较严重的环境问题,且经常同时存在.微生物在As、Sb的氧化还原和迁移转化的过程中起着至关重要的作用.As和Sb作为同族元素,具有类似的化学性质和相关的微生物氧化还原机制.然而,砷还原菌株对As、Sb迁移转化机制的研究相对较少,特别是在As、Sb共存的土壤中.本研究的目的是探究含有ars C基因的砷还原菌株Pantoea sp.IMH对土壤中As、Sb的氧化还原和迁移转化.除了接种活细胞的活菌体系和非生物对照组,同时,考虑到自然界中细菌死亡裂解过程,还做了失活死细胞的死菌体系.结果表明,在活菌体系中,溶解态As(Ⅴ)有72.7μg·L~(-1)转化为As(Ⅲ),364.8μg·L~(-1)的溶解态的Sb(Ⅴ)没有还原,表明ars C介导的砷还原菌不能还原Sb(Ⅴ).在死菌体系中,总砷和总锑的含量分别为506.8μg·L~(-1)、821.1μg·L~(-1),是活菌体系(As=155.2μg·L~(-1);Sb=364.8μg·L~(-1))和非生物对照组中(As=57.6μg·L~(-1);Sb=271.1μg·L~(-1))砷锑含量的4倍左右.这可能是死菌体释放的胞内物质促进了砷锑的释放,3个体系中总砷和总锑释放量均显著性相关(P0.05).本研究进一步阐释了微生物对土壤中As和Sb迁移转化的影响.     

nZVI/AC复合材料对水中锑的去除

利用液相化学沉淀法制备纳米零价铁/活性炭(nZVI/AC)复合材料,通过XRD、XPS、SEM、BET等表征手段对复合材料的结构、形貌、理化特征等进行分析,进一步考察了反应体系、nZVI负载量、初始pH、投加量等对除锑效果的影响,并对其去除机制进行了探讨.结果表明,液相化学沉淀法可成功制备nZVI/AC复合材料;在N_2氛围下,15%nZVI/AC投加量为0.2 g·L~(-1),初始pH为7.5(原水pH),反应2 h后,Sb(Ⅴ)的去除率达到76.2%,出水浓度仅为23.8μg·L~(-1);去除机制研究结果表明,Fe~(2+)在该体系去除Sb(Ⅴ)中起着主要的作用,是反应过程中的主要活性物质,结合反应前后nZVI/AC表面Sb元素分析,去除过程主要依靠Fe(0)和Fe~(2+)的还原作用,将Sb(Ⅴ)还原成Sb(Ⅲ),并通过吸附作用去除.     

硼锑交互作用对水稻吸收积累锑和硼的影响

通过溶液培养实验,研究两种价态锑Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)与B交互作用对水稻吸收积累Sb和B的影响.结果表明,这两种价态的Sb对水稻生长均有抑制作用,Sb(Ⅲ)比Sb(Ⅴ)对水稻毒害更明显,增加B用量可缓解Sb对水稻的毒害.Sb(Ⅲ)和Sb(Ⅴ)的添加可显著地影响水稻根系和茎叶对B的吸收积累.当B的浓度为0.5 mg·L-1时,添加三价Sb 30μmol·L-1可以显著地降低水稻茎叶和根系中的B含量57.6%和75.6%(与对照处理相比,P0.05).同样,增加B用量也影响水稻根系和茎叶对两个价态Sb的吸收积累.在10μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅲ)处理下,添加2.0 mg·L-1的B可导致水稻根系和茎叶Sb含量分别比0.5 mg·L-1B处理降低39.1%和9.2%;在10μmol·L-1Sb(Ⅴ)处理下,添加2.0 mg·L-1的B导致水稻根系Sb含量比0.5mg·L-1B处理降低13.9%.B的应用对Sb在水稻根系和茎叶中的富集系数和分配比率也有显著影响.研究结果表明,在Sb污染农田中可通过施用硼肥来提高植物的硼营养,降低植物对Sb的吸收积累,从而降低Sb对人体健康的危害.     

Induced transformation of antimony trioxide by Mn(II) oxidation and their co-transformed mechanism

Antimony (Sb) is a toxic and carcinogenic element that often enters soil in the form of antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃) and coexists with manganese (Mn) in weakly alkaline conditions. Mn oxides such as birnessite have been found to promote the oxidative dissolution of Sb₂O₃, but few researches concerned the co-transformations of Sb₂O₃ and Mn(II) in environment. This study investigated the mutual effect of abiotic oxidation of Mn(II) and the coupled oxidative dissolution of Sb₂O₃. The influencing factors, such as Mn(II) concentrations, pH and oxygen were also discussed. Furthermore, their co-transformed mechanism was also explored based on the analysis of Mn(II) oxidation products with or without Sb₂O₃ using XRD, SEM and XPS. The results showed that the oxidative dissolution of Sb₂O₃ was enhanced under higher pH and higher Mn(II) loadings. With a lower Mn(II) concentration such as 0.01 mmol/L Mn(II) at pH 9.0, the improved dissolution of Sb₂O₃ was attributed to the generation of dissolved intermediate Mn(III) species with strong oxidation capacity. However, under higher Mn(II) concentrations, both amorphous Mn(III) oxides and intermediate Mn(III) species were responsible for promoting the oxidative dissolution of Sb₂O₃. Most released Sb (∼72%) was immobilized by Mn oxides and Sb(V) was dominant in the adsorbed and dissolved total Sb. Meanwhile, the presence of Sb₂O₃ not only inhibited the removal of Mn(II) by reducing Mn(III) to Mn(II) but also affected the final products of Mn oxides. For example, amorphous Mn oxides were formed instead of crystalline Mn(III) oxides, such as MnOOH. Furthermore, rhodochrosite (MnCO₃) was formed with the high Mn(II)/Sb₂O₃ ratio_, but without being observed in the low Mn(II)/Sb₂O₃ ratio. The results of study could help provide more understanding about the fate of Sb in the environment and the redox transformation of Mn.     

Effects of temperature and SO3 on re-emission of mercury from activated carbon under flue gas conditions

Mercury(Hg) is a toxic and bio-accumulating heavy metal that is predominantly released via the combustion of coal. Due to its toxicity, the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)has introduced Mercury and Air Toxics Standards(MATS) Rule regarding allowable Hg emissions. In order to reduce emissions, power plants have widely adopted activated carbon(AC) injection. AC injection has proven to be an effective method to reduce Hg emissions, but the re-emission of previously adsorbed Hg during unit operation, likely due to changing temperature or flue gas composition, could be problematic. This study specifically examined the effects of temperature and sulfur trioxide(SO3) concentration,by ramping temperature and SO3 concentration independently and simultaneously, on AC samples that are already exposed to flue gas and saturated in presence of Hg, sulfur dioxide(SO2) and nitric oxide(NO). Of these two suspected factors to cause re-emission,temperature had the greater impact and resulted in re-emission of both elemental and oxidized Hg with a greater fraction of oxidized Hg, which can be attributed to elemental Hg being more strongly bonded to the AC surface. Surprisingly, exposing the samples to increasing concentrations of SO3 had nearly no effect under the conditions examined in this study, possibly as a result of the samples being already saturated with sulfur prior to the SO3 ramp tests to simulate transient conditions in the plant.     

磁性纳米材料吸附处理工业废水的研究进展

介绍了磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿、MFe₂O₄型铁氧体等几种常见的磁性纳米颗粒及其制备和功能化方法,综述了磁性纳米吸附剂在重金属废水、染料废水、含油废水、含酚废水吸附处理中的新研究进展.根据研究过程中所存在的问题总结并展望了磁性纳米吸附材料的未来发展趋势,在今后的研究可从吸附剂的制备优化、吸附机理、实用性和再生回用等方面展开探究,以期发挥其在实际工业废水处理中的应用潜力.     

Environmental Management of Sulfur Trioxide Emission: Impact of SO3 on Human Health

The major contributors to global acidification are sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides emitted mostly by the burning of fossil fuels. From the scientific point of view, it is necessary to make a clear distinction between sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide when referring to sulfur oxides. These two air pollutants have different properties. This paper reports the following aspects: the strong effect of sulfur trioxide on local human health (a case study of asthma in Yokkaichi), the problem of corrosion caused by sulfur trioxide, the difference in analytical methods for determining sulfur dioxide concentrations and sulfur trioxide concentrations, and the difference in removal methods for sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide. An important initiative at the third European conference of environment ministers was that the issue of human health related to local air pollution should be given priority over that of global pollution. The declines in the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides have mainly been effective in reducing acidification due to long-range transport. The reduction in sulfur trioxide may be more effective in improving local human health mentioned in the initiative.