碳酸盐岩抑制煤中有害元素释放和迁移能力的研究

为了揭示碳酸盐岩地质背景下碳酸盐岩对煤中有害元素的抑制作用,以煤和碳酸盐岩为实验材料设计了3个不同组合的淋溶柱,采用淋溶实验方法,探讨了碳酸盐岩对煤中Fe、Mn、Cu、As等元素释放和迁移的抑制能力.结果表明:碳酸盐岩能有效中和煤中黄铁矿等硫化矿物氧化产生的酸,淋溶液pH值显著升高;碳酸盐岩对煤中硫的释放和迁移能力的抑制作用不明显,对煤中Fe、Cu和As元素的释放和迁移的抑制能力较强,但对煤中Mn、Pb和Cd元素的释放和迁移的抑制能力相对较弱.碳酸盐岩能有效抑制酸性矿山废水的形成和演化,可作为碳酸盐岩地区酸性矿山废水防治的理想材料.     

石灰中和法处理冶炼酸性生产废水的工艺优化

文章对冶炼厂酸性生产废水提出了常规石灰法处理和废水部分循环使用处理二种处理工艺,并指出常规石灰法处理工艺工艺过于复杂,处理成本较高,企业难以承受;而废水部分循环使用处理工艺可实现水的重复使用,节约水资源及处理费用,还可取得明显的环境经济效益。采用二级石灰中和沉淀法处理冶炼厂酸性生产废水可全面达标排放,采用两次分离有助于去除水中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、F等有害物质,采用重力浓缩和压滤脱水方法对湿渣进行处理是一种最经济有效的方法。     

15年实测氮沉降下竹仙洞小流域土壤酸化研究

以2000—2015年珠海竹仙洞水库小流域湿地松林、台湾相思林和灌木丛为样本,对其土壤属性指标进行相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明,经过15年自然演替,3个群落的土壤可交换酸度呈下降趋势,其中台湾相思林和灌木丛酸度降低达到显著或极显著水平,受Al³⁺含量影响较大;3个群落的可交换Mg²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺在两种土层均有不同程度的显著下降,而可交换Ca²⁺的变化仅在台湾相思林中显著;总氮、总碳含量均呈上升趋势。主成分分析显示,台湾相思林的生物量丰富、土壤腐殖质多,固氮作用强,故对氮沉降的酸缓冲能力更强。     

Chemical Characteristics of Rain Water at an Urban Site of South Western Turkey

In this study, chemical composition of the rain water in Mugla was investigated from February to April 2002. Rain water samples were obtained from Mugla, a small city in south western Turkey. The Yatagan Power Plant is located 30 km northwest of Mugla city. The values of pH and the concentrations of major ions (Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, NH₄ ⁺) in the rainwater samples were analyzed. The pH varied from 4.5 to 7.7 with an average of 6.9 which was in alkaline range considering 5.6 as the neutral pH of cloud water with atmospheric CO₂ equilibrium. In the total 30 rain events, only two events were observed in acidic range (< 5.6) which occurred after continuous rains. The equivalent concentration of components followed the order: Ca²⁺ > SO₄ ²⁻ > NH₄ ⁺ > NO₃ ⁻ > Na⁺ > K⁺ > H⁺. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) of the measured ionic sum is 371.62 μeq/l. The ratio of between sum cations and sum anions (∑cations /∑ anions) is 1.52 μeq/l. The alkaline components (Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺) contribute 52%, NH₄ ⁺ 8%, whereas, the contribution from the acidic components is relatively small (40%). The low concentrations of H⁺ found in rainwater samples from Mugla suggest that an important portion of H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ have been neutralized by alkaline particles in the atmosphere. The dust-rich local and surrounding limestone environment might have caused the high concentration of Ca²⁺ in Mugla area. The relatively high concentration of NH₄ ⁺ observed at Mugla is suspected to be due to surrounding agricultural. The results obtained in this study are compared with those other studies conducted at various places in the world.     

我国垃圾焚烧飞灰性质及其重金属浸出特性分析

调查分析了我国12个垃圾焚烧飞灰样品的性质和重金属浸出规律.结果表明,飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na、Cl 等,除1个样品外,飞灰样品中的重金属元素含量均在0 .5%～3 .0%范围内.由此可见焚烧飞灰具有较大的环境风险,必须按危险废物进行安全管理.应用单批次浸出程序检测结果表明,美国EPA的毒性浸出程序（TCLP）和我国固体废物浸出毒性鉴别程序（GB 5086 .1-1997）对焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出率偏低,且二者对飞灰危险性评估的差异较大,这主要是受二者不同的浸出液最终的pH值所影响.常规酸中和容量（GANC）浸出试验结果表明,飞灰中重金属的浸出主要受浸出液的最终pH值影响,而该pH值取决于飞灰中碱性物质与浸取剂酸度二者间的相互作用.通过对不同类别程序的浸出过程分析发现,在相同浸取液作用下,单批次式浸出程序的静态平衡终点与连续过流式浸出程序的平衡终点存在较大差异,有必要结合我国飞灰特点和实际处置场景,建立适用于焚烧飞灰的单批次式毒性浸出试验程序,避免对飞灰危险性识别的不足和管理的失控.     

Demulsification performance and mechanism of oil droplets by electrocoagulation: Role of surfactant

Surfactants are widely used to improve the solubility of oil in water in petrochemical, making it more difficult to remove oil–water emulsions during the water treatment process. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an appropriate method for treating oily wastewater and destabilizing emulsions. However, the demulsification mechanism of oil–water droplets emulsified by surfactants with different charges have not been investigated systematically. The demulsification performance of electrocoagulation on emulsions wastewater containing cationic, non-ionic, and anionic surfactants was studied. The results showed that the removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) in oily wastewater with anionic surfactant by EC reached 92.98% ± 0.40% at a current density of 1 mA/cm², while that of the non-ionic surfactant was 84.88% ± 0.63%. The characterization of flocs showed that EC has the highest coagulation and demulsification of oil droplets with a negative charge on the surface (−70.50 ± 10.25 mV), which indicated that the charge neutralization of oil droplets was beneficial for the destabilization of the formed oily flocs. However, when the zeta potential of the oil droplets reached 75.50 ± 1.25 mV, the TOC removal efficiency was only 11.80% ± 1.43%. The TOC removal could achieve 33.23% ± 3.21% when the current density improved from 1 mA/cm² to 10 mA/cm². The enhanced removal was due to the sweep coagulation rather than charge neutralization. This study provides a fundamental basis for the electrochemical treatment of oily wastewater.     

新发展阶段成品油销售企业生态环境保护工作的探讨

从法律法规升级、执法标准严格、企业“降碳”转型等方面出发,分析了成品油销售企业在新发展阶段面临的形势与机遇。以“碳达峰、碳中和”为目标,在污染治理、环境风险与应急管理、生态保护与修复、低碳企业转型等方面提出了具体的生态环境保护建议和措施,为成品油销售企业“降碳”转型发展提供了思路。最后结合目前地方与国家生态环保法规衔接配套差异和环境保护技术基础弱等问题,对成品油销售企业未来的环境保护发展方向进行了探讨。     

基于碳减排目标与排放标准约束情景的火电大气污染物减排潜力

从我国"十四五"及2035年远景目标经济发展预测出发,结合碳减排战略目标下的既有与强化政策情景,基于弹性系数法预测电力需求,测算在不同污染物排放标准约束情景下火电大气污染物排放情况及减排潜力,结果表明,在不同的政策和排放标准约束情景下,我国火电行业烟尘、SO2和NOx排放水平变化呈现出不同的趋势,到2035年,在2016年水平上的减排潜力分别在45.97％～85.37％、52.61％～84.90％和33.80％～71.08％之间,来自碳减排目标下政策因素带来的减排潜力,较不同污染物排放标准约束条件带来的减排潜力更为明显,在强化政策情景下,采取保持模式标准约束的污染物减排潜力已与超低模式基本相当,甚至超过或接近既有政策下采取收严模式标准约束的效果,通过强化实施能源和电力优化政策,加快实现火电发电量达峰,合理引导高污染排放水平火电机组优先退出生产,同样可使火电大气污染物排放得到有效控制,还可避免环保改造投资的浪费和损失.     

芳烃石油树脂生产的环境保护

乙烯装置的副产品在综合利用中存在着严重的环境污染问题。中原油田采取了一些措施。用催化剂对生产尾气进行吸收,将有毒的氟化物转化为钙盐用于磷肥生产;将石油树脂聚合液中BF3脱除,防止对大气、水进行污染;用冷却回收工艺对减压蒸馏放空的芳烃气体进行处理。通过上述治理大大改善了企业的环境,有效地防止了环境污染。     

金属废水溶液的中和沉淀净化理论分析

含有害金属废水溶液的中和沉淀净化过程受诸多因素的影响,其中,最重要的有溶液中金属的价态和形态,溶液的离子强度,沉淀物的组成,结构和表面效应等,本文对上述问题作了较全面的理论分析。