Characteristic Study of Ambient Air Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) Concentrations During Rainy and Non-Rainy Periods at a Traffic Site in Taiwan

This investigation studied the concentrations of ambient air total gaseous mercury (TGM) during the rainy periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site in central Taiwan from May 26 to June 16, 2014. The results were compared with those of a previous study for ambient air TGM during non-rainy daytime and nighttime periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site, which was conducted during March 21 to July 20, 2012. The observed mean concentration of ambient air TGM was 1.16 ng/m³ during the rainy periods at the Hung-Kuang traffic sampling site. The mean ambient air TGM concentrations were higher in the non-rainy sampling period in daytime than in the rainy sampling period from this study. The mean ratio of non-rainy sampling period in daytime to that of rainy sampling period for ambient air TGM were 3.15. Furthermore, the mean ambient air TGM concentrations were higher in the non-rainy sampling period in nighttime in than in the rainy sampling period for this study. The mean rations for non-rainy sampling period in nighttime to that of the rainy sampling period for ambient air TGM were 2.70. The results obtained in this study also revealed that the ambient air TGM concentrations during the rainy period had the lowest concentrations when compared with the other sampling sites in other world regions.     

近十年中国陆地AOD时空分布及与城市化的关系研究

选取2008—2017年MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer) Aqua C006气溶胶产品数据,分析近10年中国陆地气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol optical depth,AOD)时间序列变化规律、空间格局分布特征,同时比较了"三区十群"区域内外的AOD变化差异.同时,通过DMSP/OLS(Defense Meteorological Satellite System/Operational Linescan System)夜间灯光产品与AOD关系研究分析,以反映城市化进程中人类活动对AOD时空分布的影响.结果表明:①中国陆地AOD多年平均、季节分布特征符合"胡焕庸线".在时间尺度上,2008—2017年中国陆地AOD年际变化范围是0.279～0.368,整体呈现下降趋势且变化幅度较小;在空间分布上,2008—2017年高值区为京津冀地区、华中地区、长三角地区、珠三角地区及塔里木盆地,低值区为青藏高原、云贵高原、内蒙古高原等;AOD时空分布呈较强的季节性,春季AOD最高,秋季最低.②中国区域的夜间灯光图与AOD时空分布具有较好的一致性,也符合"胡焕庸线".人口稠密、城市化较快的东部地区出现大片光带,快速发展的城市光斑覆盖明显.2008—2013年间,城市亮度范围有一定程度的扩大,说明人类经济生产活动增加明显.③2010—2013年省级行政区的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光与其AOD表现为显著正相关,二者幂函数拟合度R~2分别为0.8036、0.8263、0.7701、0.8277、0.8331.DMSP/OLS夜间灯光与AOD呈显著正相关,说明城市化发展水平对气溶胶分布的影响作用显著.     

Using nighttime light data to estimate water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas

Urbanization has a great impact on urban evapotranspiration. Water evaporation inside buildings is an important part of urban water vapor resources and a crucial core of urban hydrological processes. The systematic studies on building water evaporation (BWE) are mostly the method of experimental monitoring. This study proposed a new method to simulate and estimate water evaporation flux inside buildings in urban areas. Based on the nighttime light data and urban per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a new modeling system was built to simulate the total BWE. Building area was calculated using the nighttime light data. And the BWE coefficient D_f was estimated according to the important indicator of economic development per capita GDP value. Then the water evaporation inside urban buildings and the spatial distribution of water evaporation inside buildings in typical cities could be obtained. The results showed that the total amount of water evaporation inside buildings in China's urban areas was 24.5 billion m³. Among the 31 provincial capitals in China, Shanghai had the largest BWE of 1.08 billion m³. The minimum water evaporation of buildings in Lhasa was 20.0 million m³. Studies of BWE can assess urban water budgets, support on-demand allocation of water resources, and provide a fundamental understanding of the relationship between water resources and energy heat island effects in urban areas.     

基于NPP/VIIRS夜光遥感数据的淮安市夜间PM2.5浓度估算研究

PM_2.5是大气的重要污染物,掌握其空间分布对于大气污染防控具有重要意义．目前,PM_2.5遥感监测主要围绕卫星反演的日间AOD数据开展,无法反映夜间大气污染的空间格局．以2019年9—12月NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光影像和空气质量站点PM_2.5观测数据对江苏省淮安市夜间PM_2.5浓度进行估算研究．基于辐射传输方程分析夜间灯光辐射与PM_2.5浓度之间的关系,在此基础上综合考虑灯光辐射直接衰减和散射补偿确定了计算夜间PM_2.5浓度的空间自变量,运用多元线性回归模型（MLR）、随机森林（RF）、Cubist、极端梯度提升树（XGBoost）、神经网络（NNet）、支持向量机（SVM）及最近邻法（KNN）算法构建夜间PM_2.5浓度遥感估算模型．结果表明,多元线性归回模型精度明显低于各个机器学习模型,所有模型中SVM模型精度最高,决定系数R²为0.77,平均绝对误差MAE为20.83μg·m^-3,均方...     

南京北郊地区昼夜大气PM2.5中硫同位素的组成及来源

为研究南京地区昼夜大气PM_2.5中的硫同位素组成情况,采用Delta V Advantage同位素质谱仪技术对2016年3-4月南京北郊地区大气PM_2.5中昼夜δ34S（硫同位素值）进行分析,结合大气颗粒物化学组成,追溯昼夜大气PM_2.5及SO₄2-的来源.结果表明:南京北郊地区PM_2.5和SO₄2-的整体变化趋势一致,具有同源性.南京北郊地区白天大气PM_2.5的δ34S范围为4.23‰~7.16‰,平均值为5.45‰±0.91‰;晚上δ34S的范围为4.20‰~6.73‰,平均值为5.22‰±0.83‰.相较于晚上,白天δ34S略高主要与NO_x对SO₂的异相氧化反应和机动车尾气的排放有关.重霾天δ34S范围为4.20‰~7.16‰,平均值为5.39‰±0.87‰;清洁天δ34S范围为3.14‰~5.14‰,平均值为4.03‰±0.57‰.重霾天的硫源与燃煤、机动车尾气排放及NO_x对SO₂的异相氧化反应有关;而清洁天主要受到机动车尾气排放及SO₂与O₃均相氧化反应的影响.研究显示,南京北郊地区ρ（PM_2.5）昼大于夜,而ρ（SO₄2-）夜大于昼,重霾天大气PM_2.5的δ34S高于清洁天,这主要与NO_x、SO₂、O₃的相互转化有关.      

中国能源消费碳排放的空间化与时空动态

近年来全球多地遭遇极端天气,给人类社会的生产生活带来极大影响,共同应对全球气候变化已成为国际共识,在此背景下如何通过科学方法摸清二氧化碳排放情况成为响应国家"双碳"战略的重要工作.通过省级尺度的碳排放统计数据,综合夜间灯光数据和人口数据,将碳排放量分配到栅格尺度,并对中国2000、2005、2010、2015和2018年碳排放的时空格局、演变特征及碳排放与经济增长的关联性进行综合分析.结果表明：①从2000~2018年,中国的CO₂排放总量持续增长,但增长速率呈现放缓的趋势,碳排放年均增长速率由2000~2010年的9.9%下降至2010~2018年的7.4%.从空间分布来看,无碳排放地区主要分布在西北无人区及东北的林区和山区,低碳排放主要分布在广大的中小城镇地区,高碳排放则集中分布于华北、华中、东部沿海以及西部的省会城市及城市群附近;②碳排放在地级市尺度上存在高值聚集或低值聚集现象,且该聚集现象整体趋于稳定,在2005年之后有所加强;低低集聚区主要分布在西部的连片地区和海南岛,且随着经济社会的发展,低低集聚区开始破碎,规模减小;高高集聚区主要分布在京津冀城市群、太原城市群、长江三角洲城市群和珠江三角洲城市群地区且规模在逐步加强巩固;高低、低高集聚区则主要出现在社会经济发展水平差异较大的邻近城市;③中国大部分地区的碳排放量相对稳定,碳排放发生较大变化的地区主要分布在省会城市和重点城市的外围地区,即存在中心城区碳排放无变化,外围区域碳排放变化的圈层结构;④在2000~2018年中国城市发展进程中,整体上遵循一个由"低排放-低收入"转向"高排放-低收入"再转向"高排放-高收入"最终转向"低排放-高收入"的发展规律.从整体来看,中国碳排放的增速在放缓,在实行"双碳"战略的大背景下,各地区由于不同的社会经济发展情况和能源需求情况所面临的碳减排任务与压力也不尽相同,因而应分地区和分行业实施差异化的碳减排政策.