绿色荧光蛋白分子标记在环境微生物学研究中的应用

绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)分子标记是现有遗传标记中最简单方便的一种方法，GFP及GFP突变体在微生物降解污染物、生物膜菌群构架、环境生态学和环境检测生物传感器等研究领域取得了很好的应用效果。     

Overlooked nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment

• AOA and comammox bacteria can be more abundant and active than AOB/NOB at WWTPs. • Coupled DNRA/anammox and NO_x-DAMO/anammox/comammox processes are demonstrated. • Substrate level, SRT and stressors determine the niches of overlooked microbes. • Applications of overlooked microbes in enhancing nitrogen removal are promising. Nitrogen-cycling microorganisms play key roles at the intersection of microbiology and wastewater engineering. In addition to the well-studied ammonia oxidizing bacteria, nitrite oxidizing bacteria, heterotrophic denitrifiers, and anammox bacteria, there are some other N-cycling microorganisms that are less abundant but functionally important in wastewater nitrogen removal. These microbes include, but not limited to ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA), complete ammonia oxidation (comammox) bacteria, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) bacteria, and nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidizing (NO_x-DAMO) microorganisms. In the past decade, the development of high-throughput molecular technologies has enabled the detection, quantification, and characterization of these minor populations. The aim of this review is therefore to synthesize the current knowledge on the distribution, ecological niche, and kinetic properties of these “overlooked” N-cycling microbes at wastewater treatment plants. Their potential applications in novel wastewater nitrogen removal processes are also discussed. A comprehensive understanding of these overlooked N-cycling microbes from microbiology, ecology, and engineering perspectives will facilitate the design and operation of more efficient and sustainable biological nitrogen removal processes.     

重金属污染对土壤微生物生态功能的影响

数量庞大、种类繁多的土壤微生物作为地球化学的物质循环与能量转换的主要参与者,其自身及所参与的生化过程都会受到重金属污染的严重影响.通过研究土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应,可以建立重金属污染土壤的微生物评价指标体系,而评价体系的建立有利于土壤环境质量的监测与风险评价.论文就重金属污染对土壤微生物生物量及其多样性,对有机质降解、N传输、酶活性等微生物过程影响的研究现状进行了较全面系统的评述.在此基础上,提出了该类研究中存在的问题,包括研究区域南多北少的问题以及研究中难以排除其他环境因子干扰等问题.针对这些问题,论文指出以后应进一步加强分子手段的多方位应用并建立综合可行的被污染土壤的微生物评价体系.     

废水生物强化处理技术研究进展

生物强化技术具有高效去除目标污染物、加速系统启动、提高系统抗水力及有机负荷能力以及优化系统菌群结构和增强功能稳定性等功能,在废水生物处理实际应用中潜力巨大.总结了国内外废水生物强化处理技术研究进展,在功能微生物选育方面,通过传统选育手段与基因工程手段并举来实现;在功能菌应用与生物强化处理工艺方面,主要通过所投加的功能菌直接作用或是利用基因水平转移(HGT)来实现生物强化;在分子检测技术方面,随着分子生物学的发展,一些技术如变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、核糖体间隔基因分析方法(RISA)及荧光原位杂交(FISH)等在与微生物生态学研究中得到了广泛应用.分析认为,应用分子生物学等先进技术手段,探讨废水生物强化处理工程应用过程中的微生物生态学机制,并以此为指导研发高性能菌剂,将是本领域的研究重点与方向之一.     

洁净环境样本低浓度微生物高效富集检测及应用

为了研究对洁净环境样本的低浓度微生物监测方法,制备了低浓度的革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌各3种,使用修饰后的新型磁珠对模拟样本中的微生物进行富集评价实验.革兰氏染色和菌落计数结果表明,磁珠对3种革兰氏阳性菌和3种阴性菌均具有显著富集浓缩作用,与大肠杆菌相比,磁珠对金黄色葡萄菌的富集浓缩比更高.使用磁珠富集液对自来水、桶装水和瓶装矿泉水中的微生物进行非特异性吸附后,比较上清和磁珠-微生物复合物的细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数和菌落总数指标,结果表明磁珠对自来水和桶装水中的微生物均具有显著的吸附效果（P<0.01,P<0.001）.通过比较,抽滤法和磁珠法对自来水中的微生物富集效果有差异（P=0.002）,2种方法对桶装水和矿泉水的富集效果无显著差异（P=0.362）.采集实际空气样本进行磁珠富集微生物的菌落计数及细菌16S rDNA基因拷贝数进行分析,磁珠-微生物复合物中的绝对基因拷贝数和菌落总数均显著高于磁分离后上清液中基因拷贝数和菌落计数（P=0.0001）.此方法对微生物具有一定的高效富集作用.     

应用PLFA法分析氮沉降对缙云山马尾松林土壤微生物群落结构的影响

氮沉降虽可提升林地生产力却会给环境造成压力,而土壤微生物对环境变化敏感.通过野外模拟试验,探讨不同氮沉降量对马尾松土壤微生物群落的影响,探索该区域马尾松土壤微生物群落与土壤温湿度、氮沉降浓度的关系,为深入研究氮沉降对马尾松林土壤生态系统的影响提供参考.2014年5月~2015年6月在缙云山马尾松林设置3个氮添加水平和一个无氮添加的对照处理:低氮[N20,20 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、中氮[N40,40 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]、高氮[N60,60 g·(m~2·a)~(-1)]和对照[N0,0g·(m~2·a)~(-1)],采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)标记法和ACE(automated soil CO_2 exchange station,UK)自动土壤呼吸监测系统分别对土壤微生物群落结构、土壤温度和土壤湿度进行分析测定.结果表明:1季节变化对土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌及总PLFA量有显著影响(P0.05),各类型均在春季最高,冬季最低.在不同季节,土壤微生物量对氮沉降的响应趋势不同,总体而言,春季和秋季氮沉降抑制了土壤微生物量,夏季和冬季氮沉降促进了土壤微生物量.2氮沉降对土壤微生物群落结构有显著影响(P0.05),在春季和夏季,低、中氮沉降使土壤微生物丰富度指数和多样性降低,使均匀度指数升高;在秋季和冬季,低氮和中氮则使丰富度指数、多样性指数及均匀度指数升高.高氮沉降使4个季节土壤微生物丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数降低.3相关性分析表明,氮沉降浓度与细菌呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与总PLFA呈显著负相关(P0.05);土壤温度与放线菌呈极显著负相关;土壤湿度与细菌和总PLFA呈极显著正相关.综上所述,缙云山马尾松林土壤微生物群落结构主要受土壤湿度和氮沉降的影响,受土壤温度影响较小.     

鄱阳湖南矶山湿地微塑料表面微生物分布特征

微塑料作为一种新型污染物在全球水生生态系统中普遍存在,其所引起的环境问题已成为近年来研究的热点.选取鄱阳湖南矶山湿地为研究区,湖泊湿地水体和沉积物中微塑料为研究对象,采集水体和沉积物及其中不同类型微塑料样品（薄膜类、碎片类和纤维类）,并利用高通量测序技术分析环境中和微塑料表面微生物群落结构和多样性.结果表明,环境中微生物丰富度和多样性与微塑料表面均存在明显差异,沉积物中微塑料表面微生物丰富度和多样性低于周围沉积物.环境中微生物群落结构与微塑料表面不同,鄱阳湖南矶山湿地水体和沉积物中细菌群落主要包括变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）.与沉积物相比,沉积物中微塑料表面变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度显著增加.真菌群落主要包括担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）.与环境样品相比,微塑料表面担子菌门（Basidiomycota）相对丰度增加.相...     

Effects of acidification on aquatic ecosystems

Effects of acidification on aquatic ecosystems are analyzed on the basis of an analytical synopsis of relevant data. Major active agents influencing aquatic organisms and main trends in the reorganization of microbial, phyto- and zooplanktonic, benthic, and fish communities in an acidified environment are described. A generalized concept of changes in ecosystems caused by acid precipitation and accompanying factors is formulated. These changes include the reduction of biodiversity of all structural elements due to the disappearance of species sensitive to acidification, modification of trophic structure, and decrease of fish stock.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 110–119.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Moiseenko.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Strategy of Biological Reclamation of Chemically Polluted Ecosystems

The strategy of biological reclamation of ecosystems in the zones of chemical pollution with asymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (ADMH), a highly toxic propellant, is proposed. The strategy is based on the results of comprehensive studies on trends in the interactions of soils, plants, and accompanying microorganisms with ADMH at rocket stage drop sites and in specially established test areas, under natural and controlled conditions.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 3, 2005, pp. 193–200.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Ermakov, Panova, Stepanova.