应用选择器抑制污泥膨胀的20年实践

选择器是在控制丝状菌膨胀实践中孕育而生。丝状菌一般在基质浓度较低的条件下生长，基质浓度较高时菌胶团将要代替丝状菌。根据这一理论，选择器在２０年间逐渐地被开发出来。本文列举了一些成功例子的设计参数和具体结构，并指出了选择器的局限性，即它不能解决所有由丝状菌引起的问题。     

Influence of benomyl and prometryn on the soil microbial activities and community structures in pasture grasslands of Slovakia

The effects of pesticides (a herbicide and a fungicide) on the microbial community structure and their activity were analyzed in soil from four alpine pasture grasslands in Slovakia. Specifically, the effects of the herbicide, Gesagard (prometryn active ingredient), and fungicide, Fundazol 50 WP (benomyl active ingredient), on the microbial respiration activity (CO₂ production), the numbers of selective microbial physiological groups (CFU.g^?1) and the structure (relative abundance) of soil microbial communities [(phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA)] were analyzed under controlled laboratory conditions. All treatments including the treatments with pesticides increased (statistically significantly) the production of CO₂ in all fields during 21 days of incubation and posed a statistically insignificant negative influence on the numbers of the observed physiological groups of microorganisms. The significantly negative influence was evaluated only in the numbers of two physiological groups; spores of bacteria utilizing organic nitrogen and bacteria, and their spores utilizing inorganic nitrogen. A shift in the microbial composition was evident when the PLFA patterns of samples from different sites and treatments were compared by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). According to the second component PCA 2 (15.95 %) the locations were grouped into two clusters. The first one involved the Donovaly and Dubakovo sites and the second one contained the Velka Fatra and Mala Fatra locations. The PLFA composition of the soils showed important changes after the treatment with pesticides according to PCA 1 (66.06 %). Other treatments had not had a significant effect on the soil microbial community with the exception of the population of fungi. The lower relative abundance (significant effect) of Gram-positive bacteria, actinomycetes and general group of bacteria were determined in samples treated by the herbicide Gesagard. The application of fungicide Fundazol decreased (statistically significantly) the relative abundance of actinomycetes and general group of bacteria and paradoxically increased the population of fungi.     

绿色荧光蛋白分子标记在环境微生物学研究中的应用

绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)分子标记是现有遗传标记中最简单方便的一种方法,GFP及GFP突变体在微生物降解污染物、生物膜菌群构架、环境生态学和环境检测生物传感器等研究领域取得了很好的应用效果。     

区域地下水环境演化的分子生物学特征——以太行山前平原浅层水为例

以太行山前平原大沙河流域的典型区域浅层地下水为研究对象,沿岸布点采集样本94组,采用基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术,以硝酸盐、溶解氧、化学需氧量为环境因子,分析指示环境因子演化的微生物群落结构特征及功能性指示菌属.结果显示：采用累积概率分布法将样品分为背景（B）、硝酸盐污染（N）、有机污染（O）、有机硝酸盐复合污染（O_N）4组,该分类与地下水质量标准的I类、Ⅱ类水分类相近;污染使种群结构趋于一致,且有机污染可使微生物群落丰富度降低;不同污染类型导致环境演化的功能性指示菌属分别为：Micromonospora和unclassified_f_Micromonosporaceae指示有机污染,Chryseobacterium和Streptomyces指示硝酸盐污染,Pseudomonas和Microvirgula指示硝酸盐和有机复合污染.以上构建的分子生物学方法可为区域环境调查及微生物修复提供理论依据.     

构建湿地去除酞酸酯的基质微生物和酶机制研究

随着塑料制品的广泛使用,酞酸酯的污染越来越引起人们的广泛关注。目前,DBP(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯)和DEHP(邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯)已成为全球最普遍的污染物之一。报告了复合垂直流构建湿地对含酞酸酯(DBP等)的污水污染的去除效果,以及湿地去除酞酸酯的基质微生物和酶方面的净化机理。具体结果如下：复合垂直流构建湿地对酞酸酯污染具有较好的净化效果,去除率高达99．9％以上;构建湿地对酞酸酯的净化主要发生在氧气含量相对较多的下行流池,上行流他的净化作用相对较差;同时分层实验还发现,构建湿地的净化作用主要集中在湿地上层基质中。通过研究,为进一步研究利用构建湿地处理酞酸酯污染提供了有益的参考。     

再生水补给型城市景观水体中抗生素抗性基因的污染特征——以圆明园为例

由于抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)对环境和人类健康存在潜在威胁而逐渐受到人们的重视,高人口密度城市中典型景观水体是ARGs储存库和传播媒介.本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了圆明园不同点位的ARGs污染情况和分布特征.结果表明:园区中ARGs的绝对丰度范围在n.d.(未检出)～1.08×10~9copies·L~(-1)之间;园区进水口目标ARGs的丰度低于末端,表明封闭的水体可能为ARGs的积累提供了理想培养基.在所检测基因中,磺胺类ARGs占主导,ARGs的绝对丰度依次为:sulIIsulImefAtetQtetMermB.磺胺类ARGs与指示微生物粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌间存在显著相关性,表明指示微生物在ARGs的传播中可能起着关键作用.     

从河道自净角度谈影响河道水质净化的因素

摘要：在城市河道污染日趋严重的今天,利用河道水体自净过程的机理来解决河道水质污染问题正成为改善河道水质的一种趋势。通过对河道自净过程的分析,总结出溶解氧、水力条件、温度、微生物、河岸带在河水自净中起到了决定性的作用,并分别从上述五个方面来阐述它们在自净过程中发挥的重要性。这给改善河道水质提供了不少途径,目前许多的河道整治手段都是由此受到了启发。因此明确了在未来河流污染治理的道路上,从河道自净化规律出发去看待和治理河道水污染问题是非常必要的。     

The Effect of Interaction Between White-rot Fungi and Indigenous Microorganisms on Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil

White-rot fungi applied for soil bioremediation have to compete with indigenous soil microorganisms. The effect of competition on both indigenous soil microflora and white-rot fungi was evaluated with regard to degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with different persistence in soil. Sterile and non-sterile soil was artificially contaminated with ¹⁴C-labeled PAH consisting of three (anthracene), four (pyrene, benz[a]anthracene) and five fused aromatic rings (benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene). The two fungi tested,Dichomitus squalens and Pleurotus ostreatus, produced similar amounts of ligninolytic enzymes in soil, but PAH mineralization by P. ostreatus was significantly higher. Compared to the indigenous soil microflora, P.ostreatus mineralized 5-ring PAH to a larger extent, while the indigenous microflora was superior in mineralizing 3-ring and 4-ring PAH. In coculture the special capabilities of both soil microflora and P. ostreatus were partly restricted due to antagonistic interactions, but essentially preserved. Thus, soil inoculation with P. ostreatus significantly increased the mineralization of high-molecular-weight PAH, and at the same time reduced the mineralization of anthracene and pyrene. Regarding the mineralization of low-molecular-weight PAH, the stimulation of indigenous soil microorganisms by straw amendment was more efficient than application of white-rot fungi.     

微纳米气泡特性及在土壤环境改善中的应用

微纳米气泡由于其独特的物理化学特性,如超高稳定性、易于产生自由基和高的传质效率等,引起国内外学者的广泛关注。近年来,微纳米气泡技术作为一种新兴的高效技术手段,被广泛应用于水产养殖、农业种植、浮选、水处理等方面,而在改善土壤方面的应用相对较少。基于微纳米气泡改善土壤已有研究成果,对微纳米气泡的基本性质,国内外研究进展及应用进行了综述与探讨,初步明晰了微纳米气泡在土壤改善过程中的作用效果,包括可以增强土壤通透性,有效去除水体中的有机和金属污染物质,改变微生物团簇结构,降低矿物沉积能力等,以期为后续微纳米气泡改善土壤环境的研究带来一定的启发。

     

活性污泥萃取液施用对水稻根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

通过根箱试验,从土壤根际微生物角度揭示活性污泥萃取液(简称萃取液)调控水稻苗期生长和改良土壤理化性质的机理.试验设计不同萃取液配施减氮处理(T1,空白对照;T2,常规施肥对照;T3,减氮 30%配施 0.2 g/kg萃取液;T4,减氮 30%配施 0.4 g/kg萃取液;T5,施用 8 g/kg萃取液全量替代化肥氮,即减氮 75%),研究萃取液配合氮肥减施对水稻根际土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:配施萃取液可显著增加水稻幼苗的叶面积、生物量和叶绿素含量;与常规施肥相比,配施萃取液可以显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤电导率,增加可溶性有机碳含量,降低硝态氮和铵态氮含量.β多样性结果显示,萃取液对土壤微生物性质的影响主要作用在根际及近根际土壤中,不同萃取液处理组与空白及常规施肥对照组间细菌群落结构及多样性存在显著性差异(P<0.05);萃取液的施用可增加有机污染物降解和碳水化合物代谢相关微生物的相对丰度,如黄色土源菌、Candidatus_Udaeobacter、鞘氨醇单胞菌属,相对丰度分别增加 151%～541%、26%～320%和 55%～364%.采用FAPROTAX土壤功能预测分析发现,施用萃取液后土壤菌群主要增加的功能为化能异养、有氧化能异养、硝酸盐还原、固氮作用、硝化作用和芳香化合物降解等,这类功能与土壤碳源物质代谢、氮循环及有机污染物降解等行为相关.萃取液施用可通过改善土壤根际及近根际微生物群落结构,增加相关菌群丰度,调控土壤根际及近根际碳、氮循环,进而达到促进水稻幼苗生长和土壤改良的效果.研究结果可为活性污泥的资源化提供新路径.