Instability of cytogenetic parameters and genome instability in Betula pendula Roth

The seed progeny of weeping birch (Betula pendula Roth.) have been used as a test object for monitoring the state of the environment in the city of Voronezh. An increase in the number of cytogenetic disturbances observed in the root meristem cells of birch seedlings provides evidence for genome instability in the test species.     

典型耦合优化算法在源项反演中的对比研究

突发大气污染事故中,污染源的快速、准确确定是应急处置的基础.为研究有效的源项评估方法,本文基于美国草原外场SO₂释放实验,利用GA-PSO、GA-NM、PSO-NM 3种耦合算法,分别与高斯点源烟羽扩散模型结合,对源强和位置等污染源参数进行反演与对比,并从算法结构与大气扩散条件方面进行反演效果差异分析.结果表明,从源强反演角度看,PSO-NM反演结果的准确性最高、稳定性最强,平均误差（11.3%）与平均标准偏差（0.7g/s）明显低于GA-NM（16.4%、13.3g/s）与GA-PSO（29.0%、26.6g/s）.从位置反演角度看,PSO-NM的反演结果最为稳定,反演的平均标准偏差（0.29m）明显低于GA-NM（3.20m）与GA-PSO（3.03m）算法;在不稳定和中性扩散条件下,PSO-NM算法的位置反演准确性最高,误差为4.97m;但在稳定扩散条件下,GA-NM的位置反演误差（7.69m）最小.从反演效率角度看,PSO-NM与GA-NM反演时间最短,更适用于污染源的快速确定.     

洱海流域生态塘湿地氮截留特征及其影响因素

为考察生态塘湿地对农村面源污染水体氮截留效果及其影响因素,以洱海子流域生态塘湿地为例,对其基本设计参数和水质进行调查分析,评估生态塘湿地对氮的截留效果,识别不同形态氮在湿地中的迁移转化特征,剖析生态塘湿地中氮截留的主控因子.结果表明:①污水经生态塘湿地净化处理后,出水水质显著改善.出水氮达GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准的比例为37.5%. ②Spearman相关分析表明,湿地净化效率与湿地氮输入密切相关,生态塘湿地可以有效实现氮的截留,η（TN）（η为去除率）分别与ρ（NH₄+-N）（R=0.226,n=84）、ρ（TN）（R=0.215,n=84）呈显著正相关,与ρ（NO₃--N）（R=-0.201,n=84）相关性不强,硝酸盐氮截留是其效率提高的主要制约因素. ③丰水期、枯水期高低水位交替运行有助于氮截留效率的稳定,枯水期生态塘几乎可以截蓄汇水分区内全部农村面源污水,实现污水的收集消纳及净化.丰水期和枯水期平均η（NH₄+-N）分别为57.72%和55.30%;平均η（NO₃--N）分别为49.45%和46.73%;平均η（TN）分别为54.41%和54.20%. ④单因素分析法有助于识别影响湿地氮净化效率的主控因子.研究显示,当生态塘湿地面积（< 8 000 m2）、库容（< 15 000 m3）、水深（< 2.0 m）在一定范围内时,氮净化效率与面积、库容、水深响应关系不显著,但合适的水深（< 0.4 m和>1.5 m）有利于氮的截留.      

周期性变温对紫色土有机碳矿化的影响

在自然状态下,土壤外界的环境温度日变化明显,并呈周期性波动,然而目前有关这种周期性变温如何影响土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化尚无统一观点.为此,以西南地区广泛分布的紫色土为供试对象,采用室内模拟培养的方法,开展周期性变温对其有机碳矿化的影响.培养试验涉及温度和水分两个因子,其中,温度设有4个模式,分别为3个恒温(15、20和25℃)、1个周期性变温(15/25℃变温);水分设有2个梯度,分别为70%WHC和淹水.在66 d培养期内,好气和淹水条件下,变温(15/25℃变温)培养的紫色土SOC累积矿化量和矿化强度与恒温20℃无明显差异,这表明可用20℃恒温来评估变温(15/25℃) SOC矿化的影响效应.此外,除恒温15℃,各温度处理均表现为淹水培养的紫色土有机碳累积矿化量显著高于好气(70%WHC)培养(P 0. 05).在变温条件下,土壤微生物量碳含量与紫色土有机碳矿化速率之间无显著相关.结合矿化动力学分析可知,淹水条件能有效增加紫色土的易分解碳库大小,但变温不能有效影响紫色土的易分解碳库大小.     

外卖塑料包装热解动力学研究——基于无模型和模型拟合法

在非等温条件下对外卖包装中的塑料组分进行热重实验,结果显示单组分聚丙烯（PP）、高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）和聚苯乙烯（PS）及其混合物（PP/HDPE/PS）的热解过程一步完成.针对混合塑料的复杂热解反应过程,提出了一种无模型方法和模型拟合法结合逐步获得完整动力学参数的方法,使结果更具可信度.采用无模型方法（K-A-S、F-W-O和Starink）研究了单组分及其混合物热解过程的动力学参数,得到PP、HDPE、PS和PP/HDPE/PS热解过程的平均活化能（E）分别为224.7,238.5,194.1和179.3kJ/mol.在升温速率为20K/min条件下,以无模型方法得到的活化能和模型拟合法（Malek和C-R）结果作为逻辑判定依据,总结了单组分及其混合物的热解机理均属于随机成核随后生长.分析了动力学参数间存在的补偿效应,并构建了补偿效应方程.本论文的研究可为外卖塑料垃圾热解工艺参数的优化和热解反应器的设计提供有力的支撑.     

注重提高技术监管水平--做好环保现场监察工作

环境监察作为开展环境保护工作的一种主要执法手段,在确定排污单位是否达标排放、治污设施是否正常运转时,不能简单地依据污染治理设施排放情况做出结论,而应注重运用技术手段开展全过程监察。要做好新时期的环保监察工作,确保环境安全、改善环境质量、服务科学发展,仅靠工作激情、完善规章制度、明确科室职责是不够的,执法人员技术监管能力的高低直接影响环境违法行为的查处等监察工作的开展,为杜绝业务不熟悉、执法技能低和被疑受罚的现象发生,环保部门在完善内控机制与强化执法监督的同时,应注重培训执法人员技术监管水平,提高监察技能,充分运用技术手段开展环境执法监察工作,对及时发现和查处环境违法行为至关重要。     

轨道交通车辆段火灾探测系统对比分析

作为轨道交通网中重要的组成部分,轨道交通车辆段如果发生火灾将直接影响着轨道列车的运行。因此,适用于轨道交通车辆段的火灾探测器对保障车辆段的消防安全至关重要。结合城市轨道交通车辆段结构及环境特点,选取了管路采样吸气式和双鉴成像式线性光束式等两种火灾探测器开展了实体火灾实验。实验对比分析了两种火灾探测器在不同火源工况下的响应情况并综合分析了两种火灾探测器的响应性能,从而为实际工程中轨道交通车辆段火灾探测器的选型及布置提供参考。     

Explosibility of polyamide and polyester fibers

The current research is aimed at investigating the explosion behavior of hazardous materials in relation to aspects of particulate size. The materials of study are flocculent (fibrous) polyamide 6.6 (nylon) and polyester (polyethylene terephthalate). These materials may be termed nontraditional dusts due to their cylindrical shape which necessitates consideration of both particle diameter and length. The experimental work undertaken is divided into two main parts. The first deals with the determination of deflagration parameters for polyamide 6.6 (dtex 3.3) for different lengths: 0.3 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.75 mm, 0.9 mm and 1 mm; the second involves a study of the deflagration behavior of polyester and polyamide 6.6 samples, each having a length of 0.5 mm and two different values of dtex, namely 1.7 and 3.3. (Dtex or decitex is a unit of measure for the linear density of fibers. It is equivalent to the mass in grams per 10,000 m of a single filament, and can be converted to a particle diameter.) The explosibility parameters investigated for both flocculent materials include maximum explosion pressure (P_max), size-normalized maximum rate of pressure rise (K_St), minimum explosible concentration (MEC), minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT). ASTM protocols were followed using standard dust explosibility test equipment (Siwek 20-L explosion chamber, MIKE 3 apparatus and BAM oven). Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were undertaken as indicated by the following examples. Qualitative observation of the post-explosion residue for polyamide 6.6 indicated a complex interwoven structure, whereas the polyester residue showed a shiny, melt-type appearance. Quantitatively, the highest values of P_max and K_St were obtained at the shortest length and finest dtex for a given material. For a given length, polyester displayed a greater difference in P_max and K_St at different values of dtex than polyamide 6.6. Long ignition delay times were observed in the BAM oven (MIT measurements) for polyester, and video framing of explosions in the MIKE 3 apparatus (MIE measurements) enabled observation of secondary ignitions caused by flame propagation after the initial ignition occurring at the spark electrodes.     

Theoretical Analysis of Percussive Tests of Products

The goal of theoretical research is to establish parameters, which have to be given in standards for percussive tests of products. Those parameters are essential for each user to be able to construct identical (equivalent) testing equipment. This would ensure identical results for identical products.

The paper presents a detailed analysis of the distribution and the value of the forces generated during percussive collisions of two bodies. Elastic, plastic, and elastoplastic collisions are considered. Parameters determining the coefficient of restitution, the courses of energy, momenta, and the values of the forces in colliding elements are determined. The dynamic force acting on a product during a percussive test was studied.     

Analysis of 3-D Urban Databases with Respect to Pollution Dispersion for a Number of European and American Cities

Dispersion models require as input various geometrical parameters to calculate the flow field and dispersion characteristics in the urban environment. As a result of recent advances in digital photogrammetry and remote sensing, databases of the actual 3-D geometry of city centre areas are now increasingly available. In this work we outline a procedure to reduce this large amount of data to a structured input for urban pollution dispersion models, i.e. to extract the important flow and dispersion parameters from the urban databases. Based on a review of the scientific literature, we have identified a number of parameters relevant to the modelling of pollution dispersion and atmospheric flows in urban areas. These parameters are: the plan and frontal area densities, the plan and frontal area density as a function of height, the distribution of heights, their standard deviation, the aerodynamic roughness length and the sky view factor.These parameters are obtained by analysing urban Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) which are regularly spaced grids of elevation values. Examples of the parameters calculated from high-resolution databases (with pixel size of about 1 m) for three European (London, Toulouse and Berlin) and two North American (Salt Lake City and Los Angeles) cities are presented and discussed. The calculated aerodynamic roughness length was smaller for the European cities than for the North American ones. A multiplicative correction factor to the aerodynamic roughness length is proposed to include the effect of the variability of the building heights.