Application of a hydroxylamine nitrate stability model to plutonium purification process equipment

A mathematical model that predicts hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) (NH₂OH·HNO₃) stability is applied to aqueous solutions containing HAN, nitric acid and plutonium that are used in plutonium purification processes. The model estimates the stability of these solutions with respect to the rapid, hazardous, autocatalytic reaction of HAN with nitric acid that generates heat and gas. It also accounts for reaction kinetics, temperature changes, gas generation rates, solution volumes and flow rates, and distribution of plutonium and nitric acid between aqueous and organic phases. The model is applied to three typical process vessels used in solvent extraction purification of plutonium – a countercurrent aqueous/organic plutonium stripping column, an oxidation column used for HAN and hydrazine destruction, and a plutonium rework tank. Both normal and off-normal process scenarios are modeled. Two of the off-normal scenarios lead to the rapid autocatalytic reaction of HAN with nitric acid where heat and gas are generated and that could lead to damage of the process equipment and/or release of hazardous plutonium solution from the vessel. In these two cases, stationary aqueous solutions containing HAN, Pu(III), and nitric acid were allowed to slowly react until conditions for the autocatalytic reaction were reached.     

土壤颗粒对纳米TiO_2悬浮稳定性作用机制的实验研究

在不含表面活性剂和含有表面活性剂两种条件下,研究了土壤颗粒对纳米TiO2(nTiO2)悬浮稳定性的影响.结果表明,土壤颗粒降低了nTiO2在水相中的悬浮稳定性.当体系中不含表面活性剂时,nTiO2在土壤大颗粒上的沉积是导致nTiO2脱稳沉淀的主要原因.在含有表面活性剂的溶液中,土壤颗粒降低nTiO2悬浮稳定性的作用变得更加明显了.一方面,表面活性剂加速了土壤颗粒本身的沉降从而增强了nTiO2在其中的沉降,另一方面,表面活性剂在土壤上的强烈吸附促进了表面活性剂-nTiO2在土壤上的沉积.扫描电镜显示,nTiO2不仅吸附在土壤大颗粒上,还会吸附在土壤小颗粒表面.3种表面活性剂中,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)悬浮的nTiO2与土壤颗粒共沉淀现象最明显.除了土壤对CTAB的吸附作用之外,XDLVO/DLVO能量计算显示CTAB体系中土壤颗粒与nTiO2之间存在显著第二极小值,表明nTiO2能够在第二极小值位置与土壤颗粒结合,从而与土壤颗粒一起快速沉淀.     

赤潮灾害经济损失评估技术方法

为有效应对赤潮灾害防灾减灾、灾后救援及管理的需求,在综合分析前人提出的赤潮灾害损失评估技术方法的基础上,参考赤潮灾害对受灾体的危害特点,结合实际工作的需求及在实际中可获取的业务数据,提出了赤潮灾害经济损失评估指标体系;根据灾害经济学理论,借鉴其他自然灾害经济损失评估的先进思想,采用市场价格法,分别建立了包括海水养殖业经济损失、滨海旅游业经济损失、赤潮灾害业务与应急监测费用和赤潮灾害处置费用的赤潮灾害经济损失评估模型;最后,提出了赤潮灾害损失评估的技术流程。     

用水协会运行绩效及其影响因素分析——基于江西省3949个用水协会的实证研究

近年来我国用水协会的数量呈爆炸式增长,但学者对其运行绩效及影响因素的研究不够全面和深入。论文使用江西省11个市3 949个用水协会数据,对用水协会的运行绩效及其影响因素进行实证研究。研究表明,是否注册、参与农户数、组建边界、协会主要领导人产生方式、是否有工程产权证、灌溉设施完好率、灌区规模对用水协会运行绩效有显著正影响;而租用和借用办公场所、协会工作人员数、协会起源、协会主要领导人身份则有显著负影响。要使用水协会运行良好,应重视协会的注册工作,完善协会主要领导人产生方式,控制协会工作人员规模,深化小型农田水利工程设施产权制度改革。     

混凝-超滤处理径流雨水效果——以华南地区为例

采用超滤膜(UF)为核心,以混凝作为预处理措施,对混凝-超滤工艺处理径流雨水的特性和膜通量变化与污染现象进行了研究,并对聚合硫酸铁(PFS)单独混凝、UF、PFS-UF组合工艺进行了对比;在优化混凝基础上,考察了混凝-UF对常规水质指标及总磷、生物可同化有机碳(AOC)、可生物降解溶解性有机碳(BDOC)等生物稳定性指标的去除效果.结果表明,混凝可有效去除TOC、UV254和总磷,混凝剂投加量与污染物去除近似呈线性关系.各混凝剂除浊效能均良好.综合考虑混凝处理效率与经济性,实验采用混凝方案为10 mg·L-1的PFS.PFS、UF、PFS-UF工艺除浊率均在95%以上,PFS和UF对TOC和UV254的去除较为接近,采用PFS-UF可提高去除率13%—15%;PFS-UF处理后雨水的AOC、BDOC分别降低至61.8μg·L-1、0.19 mg·L-1,残余总磷可降至3.8μg·L-1,雨水生物稳定性明显提高.PFS、UF和PFS-UF对颗粒物的去除率分别达80.5%、99.6%和99.9%.膜通量的变化和SEM图分析表明,混凝在一定程度上减轻了UF膜污染;形成的凝胶层具有一定整体强度,水力清洗时易于清除,膜通量恢复较好;但同时凝胶层的产生也增大了透膜阻力,PFS-UF工艺的周期内膜通量衰减有增加的趋势.     

Assessing slope stability in unplanned settlements in developing countries

Unplanned housing in developing countries is often located on steep slopes. Frequently no building code is enforced for such housing and mains water is provided with no drainage provision. Both of these factors can be particularly significant in terms of landslide risk if, as is so often the case, such slopes lack any planned drainage provision. There is thus a need to develop a model that facilitates the assessment of slope stability in an holistic context, incorporating a wide range of factors (including surface cover, soil water topographic convergence, slope loading and point source water leakage) in order that appropriate advice can be given as to the general controls on slope stability in such circumstances. This paper outlines a model configured for this specific purpose and describes an application to a site in St. Lucia, West Indies, where there is active slope movement in an unplanned housing development on relatively steep topography. The model findings are in accord with the nature of the current failure at the site, provide guidance as to the significance of slope drainage and correspond to inferences drawn from an application of resistance envelope methods to the site. In being able to scenario test a uniquely wide range of combinations of factors, the model structure is shown to be highly valuable in assessing dominant slope stability process controls in such complex environments.     

农业土地利用转变对土壤团聚体组成及碳、氮含量的影响

为探究农业土地利用转变对土壤团聚体组成、稳定性及有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量变化的影响,选取玉米地、玉米地转变为姜地、稻田和稻田转变为姜地4种农业土地利用类型为研究对象,对土壤水稳性团聚体的组成、稳定性及SOC、TN含量进行测定与分析.结果表明： ①玉米地转变为姜地后,>0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体减少21.48%（p<0.01）,>0.25 mm稳定性团聚体的含量（DR_0.25）显著降低53.39%;稻田转变为姜地后,大团聚体差异不显著,<0.053 mm粒级的粉黏团聚体增加8.93%（p<0.01）;冗余分析和相关分析表明,土壤含水量是团聚体组成和 稳定性的重要影响因素;②玉米地转变为姜地后,0.25~1 mm粒级团聚体中SOC、TN含量分别减少52.68%、50.98%,粉黏团聚体（<0.053 mm）中SOC和TN含量增加约2倍（p<0.01）;稻田转变为姜地后,>0.25 mm的大团聚体和0.053~0.25 mm的微团聚体中的SOC、TN含量均减少（p<0.05）,其中,大团聚体碳氮比与团聚体组成和稳定性存在相关关系（p<0.05）;③所有处理均为大团聚体SOC、TN贡献率最高,转变后的姜地较玉米地、稻田的土壤粉黏团聚体的SOC、TN贡献率显著增加,尤其是较玉米地的粉黏团聚体SOC、TN贡献率增加3倍（p<0.01）;④平均质量 直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）与大团聚体的SOC、TN含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）,分形维数（D）与MWD及1~2 mm粒级大团聚体的SOC、TN含量呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,DR_0.25与大团聚体的SOC、TN含量呈显著正相关（p<0.01）.总体上,玉米地和稻田两种用地转变为姜地后,土壤团聚体的组成发生较大变化,团聚体稳定性变化虽不显著,但大团聚体中SOC、TN含量降低,粉黏团聚体中SOC、TN含量增加.本研究的开展对农田科学管理和可持续生产具有重要的指导意义.     

包埋硫铁生物填料的制备及自养反硝化性能

采用包埋固定化技术制备了包埋硫铁生物填料(ESI Filler),基于升流式自养反硝化反应器开展动态实验研究,通过改变水力停留时间(HRT)、pH值、溶解氧(DO)等运行条件,探究ESI Filler反应器的脱氮效果及微生物群落结构组成。结果表明,当进水硝酸盐氮(NO₃^--N)浓度为30mg/L,HRT为10h时,NO₃^--N去除率不断上升至99.80%。当HRT缩短为2.5h时,NO₃^--N去除率降至61.35%。ESI Filler反应器对pH值和DO的改变具有较高的稳定性,NO₃^--N平去除率可维持在82.5%以上。但对低温的耐受性较差,当温度从35℃降低至15℃时,NO₃^--N平均去除率由90.12%降低至68.80%。运行164d后,球体未出现破裂散落的现象,表现出较长的使用寿命。通过扫描电镜发现,填料表面疏松多孔,附着大量杆状细菌,已成为微生物的良好载体。高通量测序结果表明,包埋颗粒中优势菌属为典型的自养反硝化功能菌Thiobacillus,丰度为80.79%。     

Daily Bank Erosion Rates in the Lower Yellow River Before and After Dam Construction

During the period of water impoundment and sediment detention of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, riverbank erosion processes played a key role in the channel evolution of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). However, research into bank erosion rates of the LYR has been neglected due to the lack of direct field monitoring. In this study, an indirect method is proposed to determine bank erosion rates at daily time scales by outlining a detailed calculation procedure using measured hydrological data. A total of 810 data points of daily bank erosion rates before and after the construction of Sanmenxia Dam was calculated at seven hydrometric sections along the LYR, with the corresponding values of the bank stability coefficient and the width‐to‐depth ratio also being calculated. Empirical relations were then developed to estimate the daily bank erosion rates, using these parameters at the sections. Temporal and spatial variability in daily bank erosion rates in the LYR before and after dam construction were also investigated, revealing that: (1) the bank erosion rates had a mean value of 16.7‐29.1 m/day in the braided reach, with a maximum value of 290.0 m/day, while they were relatively low in the meandering reach, with a mean value of 2.5 m/day; (2) the erosion rates before dam construction were slightly greater than those after dam construction, with the difference reaching 5‐10 m/day in the braided reach, decreasing in the transitional reach gradually, and being slight in the meandering reach.     

对定标用标准紫外辐射光源性能指标的探讨

紫外辐射是模拟环境条件测试的重要组成部分,对紫外辐射强度、剂量等的定标对于老化耐久实验数据的准确性和可靠性具有重要意义。本文通过实验手段对目前常见的定标用紫外标准光源的技术指标进行分析,同时对该类光源的性能指标未来的改进方向进行探讨,并提出了改进设计方案。