从响水事件反思面临环保突发事件的舆论宣传

不稳定和舆论失控事件,对环保宣传工作发出了警报,使我们必须反思面临环境保护突发事件时,应采取的正确措施。     

自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟、混合物分数燃烧模型和欧拉-拉格朗日粒子运动描述法,对自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火焰作用过程进行数值模拟;探讨细水雾在火羽流的不同区域内的灭火机理;分析雾滴直径在自然通风条件下对细水雾灭火效果的影响。模拟结果表明:细水雾冷却热烟气层分为温度迅速降低和缓慢下降两个阶段;在间歇火焰区和浮力羽流区以及热烟气层主要发挥细水雾的蒸发冷却作用,在恒定火焰区则是蒸发冷却和隔氧窒息共同作用;着火区域封闭性较差时,直径较小的水雾系统的灭火效果较低。     

TF5池火平均质量损失速率简化模型及其高原环境下的适用性研究

通过池火在常压环境下燃烧时的质量损失机理分析,对火灾探测中欧洲标准试验火TF5(正庚烷池火)归纳推导出以辐射热反馈为主导的质量损失速率简化模型,并推广到拉萨高原低压环境.该模型建立了TF5池火平均质量损失速率与火焰温度四次方的正比关系,通过对火焰温度的测量,确定燃料液面所受的辐射热反馈功率,从而推算出燃料的平均质量损失速率.同时结合合肥及拉萨两地的TF5标准火实验,对模型进行了验证,实验结果表简化模型能够反映出不同气压下TF5池火燃烧的主要过程.     

The states of public opinion on the environment

State-level public opinion on the environment within the US is examined, using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) from 2000 to 2010. A Multilevel Regression and Post-Stratification (MRP) approach is taken to estimate three different survey items on environmental issues at the US state level. This allows for a comparable understanding of state-level public opinion on environmental issues, which is then connected to economic, environmental, and political conditions, and representation in policy making. The findings indicate the MRP technique is a sophisticated way to make accurate estimations of state-level public opinion, and those estimates provide further insight into the shaping of public opinion and public policy.     

池火灾模型在安全评价中应用的研究

随着我国对燃油需求的不断增加,城市中出现了大量的燃油储灌。这些储罐一旦发生泄漏事故,很有可能引发火灾,给临近的工作人员和居民的生命财产安全造成严重的威胁。因此,要对这些储罐进行安全评价———根据储量和四周环境预测出池火灾面积的大小及伤害范围,以此为依据判断储灌的安全等级,从而对其进行有效的管理。将安全疏散的原理应用于危险源的安全评价当中,使之更加合理化、性能化。     

利用计算流体力学模拟技术对某水解酸化池的改进

利用计算流体力学模拟技术,采用三维、稳态、k-ε紊流模型,结合多重参考系模型、弥散相模型及组分输运和化学反应模型,对江苏某污水处理厂水解酸化池进行了模拟。结果表明：水解酸化池内流速分布很不均匀;池内存在大片回流区域以及流速几乎为零的区域,区域总体积占池容的50%以上;平均水力停留时间约为1 480 s,远达不到设计值。结合模拟结果,提出了改进方案。改进后的模拟结果表明：水解酸化池内水流流速分布均匀性大大提高;大片的回流区域消失,速度几乎为零的区域面积也大大减小;水解酸化池的空间得到充分利用,水下推进器的作用也更加明显;平均水力停留时间约为15 340 s,和设计值十分接近。但是仍存在一些不足：水流流速分布的均匀性仍存在一定缺陷;只考虑了单相流,没有考虑池中污泥的作用。     

大型LNG储罐泄漏事故后果评估

对LNG储罐泄漏事故进行危险分析,选用PHAST软件计算模型,针对LNG储罐不同事故类型选取最大设想事故进行假设模拟,确定了不同条件下LNG储罐泄漏事故的安全距离;对结果进行分析,得出的结论对LNG储罐的安全管理和事故预防提供了一定的参考。     

华北平原冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原冬小麦种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,本研究对前人的试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮和土壤氮三者之间的关系,探索冬小麦季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况.结果表明:华北平原冬小麦当季化肥氮的吸收量随施氮量的增加而升高,对土壤氮素的吸收随施氮量的增加而降低;在秸秆50%还田和100%还田两种情况下,土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间均呈线性极显著正相关,且土壤氮库达到平衡时的施氮量分别是 N 192和166 kg·hm-2;冬小麦对氮肥的吸收利用率推荐施氮远高于传统施氮,过量施氮不仅不会提高作物产量,还会降低氮肥利用率,增加土壤残留和损失;3种秸秆处理方式下的冬小麦氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间均呈显著线性相关关系,秸秆不还田条件下的地上部吸收率、秸秆吸收率和秸秆50%还田下的地上部吸收率及秸秆100%还田下的0~100 cm土壤残留率均与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间呈显著相关关系.     

Mountain environment and population in Georgia: case study of Upper Svaneti

The purpose of the presented research is to identify local community opinions toward ecological problems in one of the mountainous region of Georgia (Upper Svaneti), to analyze how population ‘perceive, experience, and interpret’ the social, and ecological issues.

The paper is based on the results of Upper Svanet ipopulation’s survey which was carried out by the authors of presented paper during the August of 2015 and 2016.The questionnaire was elaborated taking into account the peculiarities of the region. Stratified-cluster selection method was used for selection of respondents and database compilation. For statistical analysis of polling data the SPSS package was used.

Based on the statistical analysis of survey results, the following issues have been studied: the most important ecological problems, environmental problems with respect to socio-economic ones, information sources on ecological problems, people’s trust in environmental issues, awareness level of the population on environmental policy, their personal contribution in environmental protection, ways to solve ecological problems, implemented environmental measures.

The obtained results are important to foster mountain population’s active participation in processes that contribute to decision-making processes, planning and implementing programs for sustainable development.     

The modelling of pool vaporization

This paper describes a mathematical model which calculates the time dependencies of the flow rate and composition of the vapour emerging from a pool. A large variety of accidental cases can be covered: continuous or instantaneous spills, on confined or unconfined ground, ideal or non-ideal liquid mixtures in boiling or evaporating conditions. The boiling, when present, is modelled through an equation system comprising the Rachford-Rice relation and the energy balance of the pool, which is assumed to be well-mixed. In the case of a volatile pool, interfacial mass rates are determined taking into account the Stefan flux, and the thermal resistance inside the liquid phase is also considered. In all situations, the energy balance includes the contribution of ground, sun and air. Known experimental data have been used to validate the model.