黑土有机碳、氮及其活性对长期施肥的响应

以长期定位试验为基础,研究不同长期施肥模式对中国东北黑土表层(0～20 cm)及亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤碳、氮的影响.结果表明,有机肥的施入显著提高了表层土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量,其中以有机无机配施处理最为显著.与不施肥相比,常量和高量有机无机配施分别增加了表层SOC含量24.6%和25.1%,分别增加了表层土壤TN含量29.5%和32.8%,亚表层土壤SOC和TN含量对施肥无响应.尽管常量及高量有机无机配施分别增加了黑土0～40 cm土壤碳储量11.6%和7.6%、氮储量17.3%和12.7%,但各处理之间无显著差异,仅增加了黑土碳、氮储量的变异性.与不施肥相比,有机肥的施用不仅显著增加了表层和亚表层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)及可溶性碳、氮(DOC、DN)的含量,且显著提高了这些组分在总有机碳、全氮中所占的比例.有机无机配施处理能使表层土壤SMBC/SOC、SMBN/TN值分别提高0.36～0.59和1.21～1.95个百分点,而DOC/SOC、DN/TN也分别达到0.53%～0.72%和1.41%～1.78%.土壤微生物生物量碳氮、可溶性碳氮及其在总有机碳、氮中所占的比例对于施肥的响应在土壤剖面上表现更为敏感,更能反映土壤肥力对于长期施肥的响应.有机肥的施入尤其是有机无机配施能显著提高黑土表层和亚表层土壤有机碳、氮活性,有利于提升土壤肥力和养分供应能力,但同时也导致了农田系统碳、氮的大量损失,容易引起潜在的环境污染.     

鄱阳湖丰枯情景对有色可溶性有机物生物可利用性及收支平衡的影响

鄱阳湖水力连通特征季节差异显著,研究不同水文情景下湖泊调蓄对有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)来源组成、生物可利用性和碳收支平衡的影响对揭示通江湖泊碳循环、水体有机物迁移转化和水资源管理具有重要意义.通过平行因子分析法对鄱阳湖CDOM三维荧光光谱解析得到3个荧光组分,分别为类腐殖质(C1)、类色氨酸(C2)和类酪氨酸(C3)...     

机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道测试研究

为了得到真实道路交通状态下的城市机动车排放因子,选取广州珠江隧道,进行了机动车VOCs排放特征和排放因子的隧道实验.实验得到隧道机动车平均排放因子为(0.52±0.07)g·km-1·辆-1,其中轻型车排放因子为(0.32±0.14)g·km-1·辆-1,重型车排放因子为(0.26±0.33)g·km-1·辆-1,摩托车排放因子为(1.16±0.26)g·km-1·辆-1.机动车排放的VOCs中烷烃占39.7%,烯烃和炔烃占35.3%,芳香烃占25.0%.排放物质居前三位的排放因子分别为乙烯(52.9±7.4)mg·km-1·辆-1、异戊烷(41.5±7.0)mg·km-1·辆-1和甲苯(31.7±5.5)mg·km-1·辆-1.隧道实验得到的排放因子与机动车台架实验的结果基本吻合.     

Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

饮水中非挥发性有机污染物致突变性的防治对策

针对饮水致突变物的主要成因研究了减少饮水致突变活性的措施。结果表明：进厂源水生物膜预处理,可使致突变前体物,如藻、腐殖酸、总有机碳等含量分别减少68.2％、23.9％、37.2％,使水厂加氯量减少50％,最终使所制饮水的致突变件减少30％。改革加氯消毒方法可使饮水致突变活性降低,不同消毒剂所致致突变活性顺序为Cl₂＞ClO₂Cl₂＋ClO₂＞源水,Cl₂＋ClO₂等量联合消毒优于单一加氯消毒法,既可提高所试甲型肝炎病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒及大肠杆菌ｆ₂噬菌体的灭活效果一至数倍;又可使饮水中CHCl₃,减少91.5％－96.5％,致突变活性减少27.6％。     

臭氧氧化自来水生物稳定性研究

采用可同化有机碳研究某石化地区臭氧氧化自来水的生物稳定性。结果表明,地下水原水ＡＯＣ含量为４１３μｇ／Ｌ,不仅有生物稳定性,水源遭到有机物污染。     

Sorption of dissolved organic matter and its effects on the atrazine sorption on soils

IntroductionApplication of organic amendments, such as sewagesludge to agricultural soils, has been considered as aneffective way to improve the soil physico chemical propertiesand organic matter compositions. Dissolved organic matter(D…     

中国地区二次有机气溶胶的时空分布特征和来源分析

二次有机气溶胶(SOA)由于其在大气污染、气候变化与人体健康方面的影响,是我国大气环境中一种重要的污染物.确定中国SOA分布规律以及产生来源是大气污染防治的前提.利用全球化学传输模型(Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers,Version 4,MOZART4)并集成多相SOA参数化方案,模拟了中国地区SOA的时空分布,并按前体物分区域进行了来源分析.结果表明,受SOA前体物排放分布的影响,中国地区的SOA主要分布在东部和南部地区,并且夏季SOA产量是冬季产量的2.5倍.中国地区分布的SOA由人为源排放产生占55%,高于自然源(45%);并且境内排放贡献了我国SOA产量的77%,主要影响东部近地面大气的浓度分布.境外排放主要影响我国西部地区,尤其是对高空SOA分布影响显著.     

潜流人工湿地处理微污染河道水中有机物和氮的净化效率及沿程变化

摘要：以野外水平潜流芦苇砾石床人工湿地研究了湿地对微污染河道水的长期动态净化特性。2a多的运行结果表明,潜流湿地对污染物的去除性能存在波动、稳定过程。潜流湿地降解有机物和脱氮性能与植物生长和季节变化相关,其中植物生长和季节变化对湿地脱氮效能的影响大于对湿地去除有机物的影响。潜流湿地降解有机物的主要场所随运行时间沿程推移,启动期主要在湿地前部完成,稳定运行期主要在湿地的前、中部完成。湿地对有机物的去除率,在6.10%～37.83%之间变化。湿地运行期间,沿程水样C/N值基本大于5,碳源供应较充足。潜流湿地启动期TN平均去除率为15.51%,稳定运行期TN平均去除率为8.61%,低于启动期,整个运行期间湿地TN去除率不足40%。潜流湿地中硝化与反硝化反应在中部达到动态平衡,TN去除效率最高。稳定运行期间潜流湿地的前、中部耗氧强度最大,后部下层有明显硝化反应发生。潜流湿地对有机物降解、硝化与反硝化反应、TN去除具有沿程同步性。试验还初步发现,在植物生长旺盛的春夏季根系分泌的低分子有机酸对化能自养型硝化细菌可能有较大抑制作用,可能是影响脱氮效率提高的一个因素。     

Toxicity and subcellular distribution of cadmium in wheat as affected by dissolved organic acids

We aim to investigate the effects of humic acid (HA) and citric acid (CA) on the toxicity and subcellular distribution of Cd in wheat. Results show that the toxicity and uptake of Cd decreased with increasing HA. The EC₅₀ values of Cd increased from 3.36 μmol/L to 4.96 and 7.33 μmol/L at 50 and 250 mg/L HA, respectively, but decreased to 1.39 μmol/L in the presence of CA based on free ion activity model (FIAM). HA decreased the relative subcellular distribution of Cd in the heat-denatured proteins (decreased from 54% to 33%) but increased Cd in the heat-stable proteins in root (from 25% to 50%) at 7.61 μmol/L {Cd²⁺} (free Cd activity), which resulted in decreasing Cd toxicity. However, CA increased Cd toxicity due to the increased internalization of Cd although the relative subcellular distributions of Cd exhibited a decrease in the heat-denatured proteins and increase in the granule fraction compared to the control at high-level Cd. The FIAM could not predict the toxicity of Cd in the presence of organic acids. Alternatively, the internal Cd accumulation and subcellular Cd concentration were better to describe the toxicity of Cd to wheat.