Transport and Diffusion of Ozone in the Nocturnal and Morning Planetary Boundary Layer of the Phoenix Valley

The evolution of ozone (O ₃) in the nocturnal and morning-transitional planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the Phoenix valley was measured as a part of the `Phoenix Sunrise Experiment 2001' of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted in June 2001. The goal of the field program was to study the transport, distribution and storage of ozone and its precursors in the urban boundary layer over a diurnal cycle. The ground level O <sub>3</sub> as well as mean meteorological variables and turbulence were measured over the entire period, and vertical profiling (using a tethered balloon) was made during the morning transition period. Approximately half of the observational days showed the usual diurnal cycle of high O <sub>3</sub> during the day and low O <sub>3</sub> at night, with nitrogen oxides (NO <sub>x</sub> = NO <sub>2</sub> + NO) showing an out of phase relationship with O <sub>3</sub>. The rest of the days were signified by an anomalous increase of O <sub>3</sub> in the late evening ( 2200 LST), concomitant with a sudden drop of temperature, an enhancement of wind speed and Reynolds stresses, a positive heat flux and a change of wind direction. NO <sub>x</sub> measurements indicated the simultaneous arrival of an `aged' air mass, which was corroborated by the wind predictions of a mesoscale numerical model. In all, the results indicate that the recirculation of O ₃ rich air masses is responsible for the said high-O ₃ events. Such air masses are produced during the transport of O ₃ precursors by the upslope flow toward mountainous suburbs during the day, and they return back to the city at night via downslope winds (i.e. mountain breeze). The corresponding flow patterns, and hence the high-O ₃ events, are determined by background meteorological conditions. The vertical profiling of O ₃ and flow variables during the morning transition points to a myriad of transport, mixing and chemical processes that determine the fate of tropospheric O ₃. How well such processes are incorporated and resolved in predictive O ₃ models should determine the accuracy of their predictions.     

Multivariate imputation in cross-sectional analysis of health effects associated with air pollution

We demonstrate a recently developed spatial interpolation methodology in a study of the chronic effects of air pollution on respiratory morbidity. Our study uses data from the Ontario Health Study, a large survey of households in Ontario conducted for the province by Statistics Canada. The interpolation procedure imputes unobserved vectors of air pollution concentrations for individual Public Health Units, from those observed at a few fixed air pollution monitoring sites. We use logistic regression methods to assess the significance of air pollution levels based on the imputed values after modelling the relationship between binary health responses and assorted covariates such as measures of life style. Our findings prove negative; no significant relationship between chronic respiratory morbidity and air pollution is found. The imputation methodology is seen to be promising and might well be used in other such analyses.     

Studies on reactions of ozone with alkenes

In the last years, a continuous increase of the O3 concentration has been recorded in the lower atmospheric layers. Photochemical reactions with NO(x), CO and organic compounds are the main sources of O3 in the troposphere. In this work, an attempt was made to determine the impact of alkenes on the O3 concentration in the troposphere. A study on the gas-phase reactions of 03 with 1-hexene, 1-heptene and 1-nonene was made. The reactions were carried out at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. Ozone was formed by the ultraviolet radiation emitted by a mercury lamp, in order to simulate the atmospheric conditions. The changes with time in the concentration of O3, 1-alkenes and formed aldehydes were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were done by means of the gas chromatography and colorimetry. The following products were identified: pentanal from 1-hexene; hexanal from 1-heptene; oktanal from 1-nonene. For each of the reactions, HCHO was also determined as a product. The reaction rate constants were calculated and obtained in units of 10(-17) cm(-3) molecule(-1) s(-1): 1.94-0.99 for 1-hexene, 5.54-4.51 for 1-heptene and 1.54-0.76 for 1-nonene. Based on the results obtained, an explanation of O3 concentration variations in the planetary boundary layer can be given. Last year a considerable increase of O3 concentration on the roads of Western Europe was recorded. This increase could have resulted from the decrease of alkene concentration in the air due to common use of the catalytic converters in cars. The unsaturated hydrocarbons rapidly oxidize on the catalyst. In Eastern Europe, where the amount of cars equipped with catalytic converters is smaller than in Western Europe, the alkene content in the exhaust fumes results in a decrease of the O3 concentration in the troposphere.     

直接过滤-臭氧-生物活性炭工艺用于城市污水二级处理出水深度处理的研究

采用砂滤-臭氧-生物活性炭工艺在北京市某污水处理厂开展了以污水再生回用为目的的城市污水深度处理中试研究.在臭氧消耗量5 mg/L,接触时间20 min,生物活性炭空床停留时间(EBCT)为20 min的条件下,出水浊度为1.5 NTU左右,色度接近0,UV254从0.162 cm-1降低到0.08 cm-1,DOC和CODMn分别从10.1 mg/L和12.8 mg/L降低到6 mg/L左右.由于对生物活性炭柱进行了曝气供氧,NH4 -N从40 mg/L降低到5 mg/L左右.     

多环芳烃污染土壤生物修复的强化方法

生物降解是去除环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)的重要途径,通过采取一些强化措施,如使用表面活性剂,添加营养物质和提供共代谢底物等,可显著提高PAHs降解速度和程度,为生物修复技术的成功应用提供前提。在分析中,对近年来国内外在PAHs污染土壤生物修复强化方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

沿面放电臭氧发生器电极的研究

本文论述了电晕放电法产生臭氧的机理和沿面放电用电极的结构及影响因素 ,认为提高电介质的介电常数、表面电阻率和降低电介质的厚度可以提高臭氧发生器的效率。借助实验手段 ,作者还确定了以 0 .2 5～0 .4 mmα-Al2 O3 作为电介质 ,缠绕间距为 2～ 3mm的电极线 ,制成的管式臭氧电极单根臭氧浓度可以达到 1 2～ 1 3g/m3。     

复合催化剂PWn/TiO2光催化降解甲醛反应的研究

合成了PWn／TiO2(n=11，12)两种复合催化剂，运用FTIR，TG-DTA，BET比表面积，SEM，FL等手段对复合催化剂进行了表征，并将其用于甲醛的光催化氧化降解实验．结果表明，PWn／TiO2复合催化剂中的钛醇基团可在PW11的缺位位置发生化学键合作用，导致复合体系中结构的变化，光催化活性较低；PWn／TiO2复合催化体系中不仅保持了PW12完整的Keggin结构，而且，经350℃焙烧处理后PW12与TiO2形成载流子的有效迁移，使得复合催化剂具有较高的光催化活性，明显优于纯TiO2，2种复合催化剂对甲醛的光催化降解反应遵循L-H机理，符合一级动力学方程，PW12／TiO2(350℃焙烧)和PW11／TiO2(300℃焙烧)为催化剂时，光催化降解的表观反应速率常数分别为0．01243min^-1，0．005214min^-1。     

纳米TiO2薄膜光催化降解2,4-二氯酚的动力学研究

以主波长为365nm的紫外光灯为光源，纳米TiO2薄膜为光催化剂，研究了2，4-二氯酚光催化降解的产物及Cl^-对2，4-二氯酚光催化反应动力学的影响，并进一步探讨了Cl对2，4-二氯酚光解影响的机理，2，4-二氯酚可以经光催化氧化被彻底矿化，结合外加Cl^-对2，4-二氯酚光催化降解的影响和L-H反应动力学分析，可以认为Cl^-对2，4-二氯酚光催化降解的抑制作用，是由于Cl^-与2，4-二氯酚在TiO2表面竞争同一活性位点所致。因此，当光催化反应进行到Cl^-在TiO2表面竞争性吸附较强时，在反应动力学方程中必须考虑Cl^-的竞争性作用。     

硅藻土混凝剂在污染河水处理中的应用研究

以改性硅藻土为混疑剂，对具有不同污染特征的苏州河各支流污染水体进行了化学强化一级处理试验研究。结果表明，硅藻土混疑剂的最佳投药量随原水水质的不同而不同；硅藻土对C0Dcr和P有较高的去除效率，而对NH3-N的去除率不高；不同污染河水水质对硅藻土的混疑效果有比较显著的影响，表现为在混疑剂的最佳投药量条件下，C0Dcr去除量与原水CODcr之间存在着显著的线性关系。     

非晶态TiO2-W薄膜的光催化性能研究

采用磁控溅射技术在玻璃基片上制备了W掺杂的非晶态TiO2薄膜,用XRD、XPS和椭圆偏光测厚仪等对薄膜进行了微观分析.结果表明,TiO2-W薄膜为非晶态结构.Ti以 4价存在;W以0价和 6价形式存在,并且6价和0价W的原子浓度比为6.4:1;薄膜中Ti和W的原子浓度比为2.6:1.对5 mg·L-1的亚甲基蓝溶液光催化脱色试验表明,随着膜厚的增加,光催化降解率递增,当膜厚达到141 nm时,所制备的TiO2-W薄膜对亚甲基蓝的脱色率在2 h达到90%;当膜厚大于141 nm时,光催化降解率不再增加.