阻碍我国有机肥推广的经济成因分析

对有机肥施用领域的各个环节进行了梳理和分析,认为有机肥经济正外部性未能内部化和监管体系薄弱是影响有机肥推广的两个主要原因,其中经济正外部性未能内部化增加了农户和企业在有机肥使用或生产上的投入成本,从根本上遏制了使用或生产有机肥的积极性,而监管体系的薄弱进一步缩减了有机肥的利润空间,因此阻碍有机肥推广的根本成因在于有机肥经济正外部性未能内部化,即经济激励的缺失。并据此提出了相应的解决措施。     

许昌市发制品行业的清洁生产调查

发制品行业是以人发、人造纤维等为原材料进行假发加工的行业。许昌市发制品的生产过程大致可分为两个阶段:漂染和前后处理。漂染过程用水量大,产生的废水难以处理。其中过酸、氧化、染色配置的溶液使用一次后直接排放,不符合清洁生产要求,且所排放的溶液可考虑中和多次利用。漂染过程水资源消耗量大,废水产生量大,没有考虑废水综合利用。按清洁生产的要求在以上环节可通过技术革新和设备改造得以改进。     

Human health risks of petroleum-contaminated groundwater

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: The volatile organic compounds Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (BTEX) are commonly found in petroleum derivatives and, at relatively high levels, can be associated with human health risks. Due to industrial activities, accidental petroleum spills are the main route of soil and groundwater contamination. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the indoor health risks due to tap water consumption contaminated by BTEX. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BTEX indoor exposure can occur through three principal pathways: inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption. A multiphase and multicomponent model was used to simulate BTEX transport in groundwater. For evaluation of human risks due to the use of contaminated tap water, a mathematical model was elaborated. RESULTS: BTEX concentrations in a drinking well were obtained as a function over time. These concentrations were used to obtain the exposure due to the use of water from the contaminated drinking well. In addition to showing the highest concentration in water, benzene was the compound that remained for a longer period before being completely degraded. For all the evaluated BTEX, oral ingestion was also the main pathway of exposure for adults, whereas the contribution of inhalation and oral exposition in children were seen to be of the same magnitude. The sensitivity analysis of BTEX total dose for adults showed that direct ingestion was the most significant factor, followed by shower time, volume of the shower room, inhalation rate, and shower flow rate. For children, the most significant variable was also direct ingestion, followed by shower time, volume of the shower room, and body weight. DISCUSSION: In the current design situation, there would not be any health risks by the use of BTEX-contaminated water to the general population living in the neighborhood of the petroleum spill. Therefore, no remediation measures in the area of the spill would be necessary. CONCLUSIONS: The present results indicate that the design of a good scenario can perform an accuracy risk assessment. This model can serve as a useful tool for predicting indoor exposure to substances for which no direct data are available, reducing monitoring efforts and observing how different processes affect outcomes. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: These preliminary data allow the establishment of a basis for further investigations focusing on efficiently recovering petroleum from contaminated sites.     

矿山生态修复及市政污泥稳定化产物应用潜力

对矿山土地的破坏、污染与危害进行了调研和回顾,详细介绍了矿山土地的物理修复、化学修复和植物修复技术,以及含硫矿山所特需的酸性矿山废水（AMD）原位阻断技术,分析其优缺点及使用条件.研究得出矿山土地生态修复技术的选择依据,通过一系列技术阻断污染,修复与改良表层土壤后建立植被,最终实现生态修复.指出提供足够的、符合需求的植物生长基质是矿山土地生态系统修复的关键要素.进一步提出符合标准要求的市政污泥稳定化产物具有替换客土、预防AMD产生、阻断矿山重金属污染、为矿山土地补充维持植物生长所必需的养分、强化矿山土地保水保肥的作用.同时,对于我国目前待修复的矿山面积,市政污泥稳定化产物施用在时间维度上具有长期的可持续性.因此,市政污泥稳定化产物在矿山土地生态修复的应用上具有潜力和优势.     

两种典型PPCPs在潜流人工湿地中的季节性去除效果及降解产物

药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)在地表水中的污染问题已引起了广泛关注,人工湿地(constructed wetlands,CWs)在PPCPs去除中具有突出优势,然而关于不同类型PPCPs 在CWs 去除中的相互作用研究得还较少.本研究选取两种常用且相对分子质量接近的典型PPCPs——广谱抗菌剂三氯生(TCS)和非甾体抗...     

冷原子荧光法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中汞

通过试验研究,建立了用王水消解、冷原子荧光法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中汞的方法.本方法的检出限为0.006 mg/kg (按称取0.5 g试样消解定容至50 ml计算),用于国内不同地域的堆肥样品测定,其相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.55%～10.7%之间,加标回收率介于91.0%～108.0%,可作为一种较理想的检验堆肥产品质量的方法.     

宁夏入黄排水沟中药物和个人护理品的污染特征与生态风险评价

药物和个人护理品（PPCPs）是一类新污染物,对水生生物具有潜在危害.为探究宁夏入黄排水沟中PPCPs的污染特征与生态风险,利用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪对21种PPCPs进行检测分析．结果表明,宁夏入黄排水沟中目标PPCPs的总浓度范围在47.52~1 700.96 ng·L^-1之间.其中,环丙沙星、对乙酰氨基酚、二苯甲酮-3和避蚊胺的检出率大于80%;检出浓度最大的5种化合物分别为对乙酰氨基酚、避蚊胺、咖啡因、二苯甲酮-3和左氧氟沙星,浓度最大值分别为597.21、563.23、559.00、477.28和473.07 ng·L^-1.空间分布上,排水沟中PPCPs的污染程度呈现出银川市>石嘴山市>吴忠市>中卫市的分布特征,入黄口采样点PPCPs总浓度范围为124.82~1 046.61 ng·L^-1.来源分析表明,宁夏入黄排水沟中磺胺嘧啶和土霉素主要来自于畜禽养殖,左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星主要来源于医疗废水,三氯卡班和三氯生来自于生活污水和工业废水,咖啡因和避蚊胺主要来自于生活污水.入黄排水沟中双氯芬酸、西咪替丁、三氯卡班和三氯生的污染程度与区域人口数量和经济发展水平呈正相关.生态风险评价结果显示,宁夏入黄排水沟中左氧氟沙星、双氯芬酸、吉非罗齐、二苯甲酮-3和三氯卡班表现为高风险;值得关注的是,大多数采样点PPCPs的综合生态风险表现为高风险.     

Review of the methods used for isolating pharmaceutical lead compounds from traditional medicinal plants

The possibility of finding new medicines from natural sources is one of the more commonly cited reasons for preserving biodiversity, and employing indigenous knowledge of traditional healing remedies greatly increases the likelihood of discovering these hidden medicinal compounds. The main difficulties in using natural products as a source for pharmaceutical lead compounds involve separating the plethora of compounds from the original extract, as well as the gamble of time and money invested in an activity that may not yield a novel compound. However, while these difficulties exist, the potential of natural products still far outweighs the limitations of the simple structures and known modes of action of synthetic lead compounds. As such, the production of novel medicines, particularly for cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatments as well as the inhibition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, now requires the utilization of natural products. This paper provides a review of the current methods used in elucidating pharmaceutical lead compounds from natural sources, focusing on plant samples in particular.     

UASB-CASS工艺处理乳制品综合废水

介绍了采用UASB-CASS处理乳制品综合废水的工艺,并由监测结果进一步论证了其处理工艺合理、效果稳定的特点,其COD Cr、BOD5、SS去除率分别达到96.4%、98.8%和83%,COD Cr、BOD5、SS的平均出水水质质量浓度分别＜79.4mg/L、14.4mg/L、70mg/L.此工艺是治理乳制品综合废水较为先进、成熟、可靠的方法.     

山东省红色旅游的开发策略研究

山东省红色旅游资源丰富，具备发展红色旅游的先决条件。阐述了山东省红色旅游资源概况，分析了该省发展红色旅游的优劣势和红色旅游客源市场的类型，在此基础上提出了红色旅游的开发策略以及在旅游开发中应注意的问题。