The Wild Kangaroo Industry: Developing the Potential for Sustainability

Wildlife resources the world over have long been subject to harvest and management. As wildlife uses have grown, so too have the need and desire to ensure their sustainability. This new context of sustainability presents opportunities to merge ecological, economic and social elements to foster development. This paper presents the management and harvesting of wild kangaroos as an example of the potentially sustainable use of a natural resource. Some comparisons are drawn between the use of other wild living resources, deer in Europe and crayfish in Western Australia. However, sustainability of kangaroo species and the industry is not just a matter of market economics and ecology, it must also be socially sustainable. The public policy instrument of a statutory advisory board with a marketing function is proposed in order to integrate the cultural and social aspects of kangaroo management with the economic and ecological aspects. Through such integration, full sustainability of a wild resource then might be achieved.     

固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂的改性研究

固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂作为一种新型灭火剂具有优越的抑制火灾的性能,但其应用和推广的关键在于降低灭火气溶胶形成时的温度.本文利用TG方法分析了灭火剂的热分解过程,并通过测定固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂的释放速度、释放区温度分布及灭火性能,研究了固体微粒气溶胶灭火剂的降温消焰技术.同时对气溶胶的成分和固体粒子粒度分布进行了分析.     

电子产品环境应力筛选(ESS)条件的探讨

通过对电子产品环境应力筛选(ESS)条件的分析,得出温度循环和机械振动是剔除电子产品早期故障的主要形式,提出了环境应力筛选条件的新要求。     

甲基丙烯基醛和甲基乙烯基酮水相臭氧化反应

利用实验室模拟的方法研究了甲基丙烯基醛(MAC)和甲基乙烯基酮(MVK)在大气水相中的臭氧化反应,测定了250℃±0.1℃温度和1.0×10⁵Pa空气压力条件下生成过氧化物和二次羰基物的种类和产率.结果表明,MAC水相臭氧化生成2种羰基物(甲醛和丙酮醛)和2种过氧化物,即过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和羟甲基过氧化氢(HOCH₂OOH ,HMHP) ,它们的产率(%)分别为49.9±2.9、26.6±3.9、4.6±0.4和10.0±0.8;同MAC类似,MVK水相臭氧化也生成甲醛、丙酮醛、H₂O₂和HMHP ,它们的产率(%)分别为40.8±2.2、40.7±35、6.8±0.5和10.4±0.8.对MAC和MVK水相臭氧化反应机理进行了推测,解释了各产物的生成.     

甲醛吸入致小鼠蛋白质氧化损伤作用的研究

为了探讨在气态甲醛中暴露后小鼠的脑、心和肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤程度及其发生机制,用不同剂量的气态甲醛对小鼠进行连续动态染毒处理72h ,用2 ,4-二硝基苯肼比色法测定小鼠脑、心和肝组织蛋白质的羰基含量,用以判断蛋白质的氧化损伤程度.结果显示:吸入0. 68mg·m- 3甲醛后,小鼠的脑、心和肝蛋白质的羰基含量下降(P <0 0 1,P <0 . 0 1,P <0. 0 5 ) ;吸入3 0mg·m- 3甲醛后,小鼠的心和肝的蛋白质羰基含量均显著升高(P <0 . 0 1) ,而脑的蛋白质羰基含量与对照组相比无显著差异(P >0 . 0 5 ) .以上结果表明,小鼠蛋白质的氧化损伤与气态甲醛的浓度有关,气态甲醛在较低浓度时,不引起小鼠蛋白质的氧化损伤,而在中等浓度时对小鼠心和肝的蛋白质氧化损伤作用显著,而对脑的蛋白质没有明显损伤作用.     

投资激励视角下农产品供应链治理结构优化

本研究针对"公司+农户"型供应链面临的双边投资意愿不足的现实困境,论文尝试在不对称纳什谈判博弈和Stacklberg博弈的框架下,分析"公司+合作社+农户"型农产品供应链提升双边投资意愿的理论依据,从而为农产品供应链的治理结构优化提出政策建议。数理模型分析显示:1与"公司+农户"型供应链相比,"公司+合作社+农户"型供应链中的农户种植投资和公司销售投资的意愿均能得到提升。2"公司+合作社+农户"型供应链的农户利润水平与合作社谈判力正相关;当合作社具有相对较强的谈判力时,即使合作社规定的资本留存率较高,农户利润水平依然能够高于"公司+农户"型供应链。3当合作社谈判力在某一特定范围内时,公司与农户利润水平均能实现Pareto改进。4当考虑到公司和农户进行长期合作时,"公司+合作社+农户"型供应链中确保农户履约的保证金阈值显著低于"公司+农户"型供应链。最后,利用数值仿真分析了合作社谈判能力、资本留存率等因素对公司与农户利润水平的影响以及农户保证金阈值的变化。论文研究结果表明,由于农户和公司在"公司+合作社+农户"型供应链中的地位更为平等,合作社能够形成对于公司的制衡力量,这大大降低了农户进行种植投资后可能面临的"敲竹杠"风险,农户的种植投资意愿得到提升。当农户加大种植投资后,合格农产品产量将会提高,这反过来又会激励公司提升销售投资意愿来获得更多的利润。因此,我国未来农业产业化经营模式的制度创新必须以农民专业合作社的壮大为基础,大力发展"公司+合作社+农户"型供应链,这不仅有助于更好地保障农产品质量安全;也有助于让农户平等参与现代化进程,共同分享现代化成果。     

大环内酯类抗生素在饮用水处理过程中的污染特征及其氯化反应机制

饮用水处理过程中抗生素的污染问题引起了人们的广泛关注.监测了6种大环内酯类抗生素（脱水红霉素、克拉霉素、竹桃霉素、罗红霉素、柱晶白霉素和泰乐菌素）在2座饮用水处理厂中的污染情况,并考察了典型大环内酯类抗生素泰乐菌素在氯化消毒处理过程中的反应特性.结果表明,6种大环内酯类抗生素均能在饮用水处理过程中检出,但是其浓度普遍较低,进出水中的浓度范围分别为0.18~3.97 ng ·L^-1和0.02~1.91 ng ·L^-1.6种大环内酯类抗生素在饮用水处理过程中的去除率相差较大,在18%（竹桃霉素）~100%（脱水红霉素）范围内.6种大环内酯类抗生素在氯化处理过程中降解缓慢,且受水质影响较大.其中,泰乐菌素的氯化降解遵循二级反应动力学模式,测得pH 7.0条件下二级反应动力学速率常数为0.77 L ·（mol ·s）^-1.监测到的9种泰乐菌素氯化降解产物,反应途径主要包括叔胺羟基化、芳族氧化和内酯环环氧化加成等.     

The contribution of non‐timber forest products towards sustainable rural development: The case of Candelilla wax from the Chihuahuan Desert in Mexico

The promotion of development projects based on the commercialization of non‐timber forest products has increased in recent decades, showing a positive contribution to rural development; yet it has led to controversial approaches in resource preservation. This paper examines the case of Candelilla wax from the Chihuahuan Desert in northern Mexico, identifying its potential contribution to poverty alleviation in marginal areas, and its unique opportunity to access potential markets of a wide variety of industries all around the world. In this paper, the authors base their analysis on three main aspects: social, economic and environmental. Potential benefits that could be obtained from the collaboration of private institutions, development organizations, policymakers and rural producers through integrated rural development projects are featured.     

Degradation of duloxetine: Identification of transformation products by UHPLC-ESI(+)-HRMS/MS, in silico toxicity and wastewater analysis

Duloxetine (DUL), an antidepressant drug, has been detected in surface water and wastewater effluents, however, there is little information on the formation of its transformation products (TPs). In this work, hydrolysis, photodegradation (UV irradiation) and chlorination experiments were performed on spiked distillated water, under controlled experimental conditions to simulate abiotic processes that can occur in the environment and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Eleven TPs, nine from reaction with UV light and two from chlorine contact, were formed and detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and nine of them had their chemical structures elucidated upon analyses of their fragmentation patterns in MS/MS spectra. The formation and degradation of the TPs were observed. The parent compound was completely degraded after 30?min in photodegradation and after 24?hr in chlorination. Almost all TPs were completely degraded in the experiments. The ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of the TPs were predicted based on several in silico models and it was found that a few of these products presented more ecotoxicity than DUL itself and six TPs showed positive mutagenicity. Finally, wastewater samples were analyzed and DUL and one TP, possibly formed by chlorination process, were detected in the effluent, which showed that WWTP not only did not remove DUL, but also formed a TP.     

纳米四氧化三铁/过碳酸钠降解DDTs及降解产物

以滴滴涕(DDTs)为降解对象,采用基于纳米Fe_3O_4/过碳酸钠的新型非均相类芬顿试剂进行处理,考察了纳米Fe_3O_4投加量、过碳酸钠投加量和初始pH值对水中DDE、DDD、o,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDT4种DDTs去除率的影响.同时,采用响应面法进行多因素实验设计,利用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了DDTs降解率与实验条件之间的关系,并对实验条件进行了优化.结果表明,纳米Fe_3O_4和过碳酸钠单独处理对DDTs降解率的最大值均小于60%,两者联合处理可大幅度提高DDTs降解率,表明两者对于DDTs降解存在较好的协同作用,纳米Fe_3O_4/过碳酸钠体系在碱性条件下可以有效降解水样中的DDTs.在纳米Fe_3O_4投加量为8.0 g·L~(-1)、过碳酸钠投加量为1.5 g·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为11的条件下,DDE、DDD、o,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDT的降解率分别为95.5%、84.3%、96.8%和87.5%,与模型预测值接近.自由基猝灭实验结果表明,羟基自由基是降解过程中主要的活性物质.GC/MS检测结果表明,DDTs脱氯生成DDE和DDD,随后DDE和DDD进一步降解生成DDMU、o,p′-TDE、DDNU、DDMS及DBP等物质.