Molecular Weight Changes and Polymeric Matrix Changes Correlated with the Formation of Degradation Products in Biodegraded Polyethylene

The molecular weight changes in abiotically and biotically degraded LDPE and LDPE modified with starch and/or prooxidant were compared with the formation of degradation products. The samples were thermooxidized for 6 days at 100°C to initiate degradation and then either inoculated with Arthobacter paraffineus or kept sterile. After 3.5 years homologous series of mono- and dicarboxylic acids and ketoacids were identified by GC-MS in abiotic samples, while complete disappearance of these acids was observed in biotic environments. The molecular weights of the biotically aged samples were slightly higher than the molecular weights of the corresponding abiotically aged samples, which is exemplified by the increase in from 5200 g/mol for a sterile sample with the highest amount of prooxidant to 6000 g/mol for the corresponding biodegraded sample. The higher molecular weight in the biotic environment is explained by the assimilation of carboxylic acids and low molecular weight polyethylene chains by microorganisms. Assimilation of the low molecular weight products is further confirmed by the absence of carboxylic acids in the biotic samples. Fewer carbonyls and more double bonds were seen by FTIR in the biodegraded samples, which is in agreement with the biodegradation mechanism of polyethylene.     

氯氟烃替代物与OH自由基光化学反应

保护生物多样性生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的物质基础，保护生物多样性，保证生物资源的持续利用是一项全球性任务，也是全球环境保护行动计划的重要组成部分。按照生物多样性国际公约的定义，生物多样性“是指所有来源和形形色色的生物体，这些来源包括陆地、海...     

Investigations on removal of SO2 from flue gas by aerosol formation in pulsed corona discharge process

The removal of SO₂ from flue gas by pulsed corona discharge in presence of ammonia was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the SO₂ removal mainly depends on thermal reaction of SO₂ with NH₃ and enhancements of 0%—25% by pulsed corona discharge in the range of the specific energy 0—5 Wh/Nm³. The aerosol mass concentration, mainly composed of ammonium sulfate, increased with specific energy dissipated into the reactor. With an initial concentration of 2000—2100 ppmv SO₂ and energy consumption of 3 Wh/Nm³, when a stoichiometric amount of ammonia is injected, the removal efficiency of SO₂ and percentage of ammonium sulfates in reaction products are all ≥80%. The collection efficiency of the reactor for aerosol is about 74% at a flue gas temperature of 60 to 65℃ and a water vapor content of 9% to 11% volume.     

家电产品的绿色制造技术与环境保护

家电产品的更新换代越来越快,家电产品在制造、使用、报废整个生命周期中,对环境造成一定的危害,从保护环境和可持续发展的战略要求出发,家电产品的发展模式、生产模式、消费模式和行为模式都必须充分考虑到经济效益和环境效应的协调,经济的发展不能以牺牲环境为代价.而绿色制造技术是家电产品制造业综合考虑环境影响和资源利用的现代制造技术.目的是将产品在生命周期中对环境的破坏或危害降低到最小,并使资源综合利用率达到最高.这是解决环境问题,实现可持续发展战略在现代制造业中的体现.     

乳业推行清洁生产、清洁产品及清洁消费的可行性分析--为内蒙古乳品业再发展策划新制高点

本文从分析国内乳业市的竞争趋势及不利因素入手，论证了乳业开展清洁生产的必要性与可行性，指出理论上乳品工厂开展清洁生产可以做到原料全部转化成产品，乳业若能从绿色产品生产观转到清洁产品生产观，则可以占领新的市场制高点。文章还讨论了乳业率先推出清洁消费市场观念的必要性及政府在政策上可采取的引导措施。     

高盐度水产品加工废水治理工艺研究

使用海水进行水产品加工的企业所排放的废水盐度、氨氮浓度高,在此环境下,微生物的活性受到影响,增长速度慢,产率系数低,处理难度较大,文章结合工程实例介绍了"水解酸化 两级生物接触氧化"处理高盐度水产品加工废水的运行效果,结果表明:对Cl-浓度平均8000mg/L的高盐度水产品加工废水,系统对COD、SS、氨氮的去除率分别超过了88%、90%、85%,出水COD、SS、氨氮分别低于100mg/L、70mg/L、15mg/L,出水完全可以达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准.     

Fossil carbon emissions associated with carbon flowsof wood products

Specific fossil carbon (C) emissions and primary energy useassociated with the manufacture of different wood product groups inFinland are estimated and expressed as emissions or energy use per amountof wood-based C in raw material and per amount in end product. Thecalculation includes both emissions from supplied fuels within the forestindustries, and from electricity and district heat purchased from externalsources. The results are compared to fossil C emissions from the wholelifecycle of harvested wood products. The results of the study show, forinstance, that the emission of fossil C per wood-based C in end products(MgC/MgC) is of the order of 0.07 for sawn wood and 0.3–0.6 for paperin the manufacturing stage. The primary energy use per wood-based C inend product is of the order of 2 MWh/MgC for sawn wood, whereas forvirgin paper grades the figure is between 17 and 19 MWh/MgC. Theprimary energy content is highest in papers based on chemical pulping, butaround 60% of the energy used is produced in this case from by-productwood wastes (black liquor, bark etc.). The specific fossil C emission andprimary energy divided by the estimated service life of the wood productare measures for the relative burden of maintaining the corresponding woodproduct pool. These figures should be kept in mind when considering woodproducts as a potential C sink option.     

世界有机农业蓬勃发展对中国有机产品发展的启示

随着全球经济一体化进程加快和中国加入WTO,国际贸易中关税壁垒必将逐渐消失,配额的调控作用也将越来越小,一些成员国已逐渐转向技术性贸易壁垒来对进口食品实施严格的检验检疫制度和设置更"苛刻"、更繁多的卫生质量标准与要求等非关税壁垒,即"绿色壁垒",打破壁垒的最有效的办法就是超越壁垒,发展有机农业将是中国实现农业可持续发展的一个很好的模式.中国的有机产品发展应实现其发展的无害化、标准化、法制化、产业化、国际化和全程化,从而完成有机产品从生产基地到市场建设体系的系统工程,因此根据中国国情,借鉴国外发展有机农业的成功经验,建立健全中国有机农业的产业化,即顺应国际环境保护和农业有机化潮流,也符合国际贸易对食品质量体系保证的要求.     

SO2衍生物对小鼠脾、胃组织蛋白质的氧化损伤

用腹腔注射的方法对实验小鼠进行SO2衍生物(亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠,分子比为31)染毒,染毒剂量分别为0,0.025,0.100, 0.400g/(kg·d),共染毒5d.研究了SO2衍生物对小鼠脾、胃蛋白质的氧化损伤作用并探讨其分子作用机制.结果表明,经SO2衍生物处理,可以使小鼠脾、胃蛋白质的羰基含量增大,且染毒剂量与蛋白质的羰基含量之间呈现直线相关关系,相关系数分别为0.899和0.855(P=0.05).蛋白质羰基含量增大表现为脾＞胃.说明SO2衍生物可使小鼠脾、胃组织蛋白质产生氧化损伤,氧化损伤的程度大小因组织而异.     

UV_(254)降解水中双氯芬酸的动力学及机理研究

研究了254 nm紫外光照(UV_(254))对水中双氯芬酸(DCF)的降解,考察了pH、天然有机物质(NOM)和硝酸盐(NO_3~-)对DCF光解的影响;探讨了DCF的光解产物和转化机理;最后,研究了DCF在实际水体中的去除.结果表明,DCF在UV_(254)辐射下发生快速降解,其光解遵循准一级反应动力学模型.在研究的pH范围内,DCF降解效率基本相同,其表观速率常数在5.9×10~(-3)cm~2·mJ~(-1)左右.NOM的存在会抑制DCF的光解,且NOM浓度越高,抑制作用越明显,这主要是由于NOM和DCF竞争入射的紫外光子.NO_3~-在UV_(254)光照下可被激发产生羟基自由基,故NO_3~-的存在可以明显促进DCF的降解.DCF在实际水体中的去除效率与纯水中的基本类似,在紫外光用量为320 mJ·cm~(-2)时,大约83%1μmol·L~(-1)DCF被去除.在UV_(254)光解DCF反应中,共检测到12种降解产物,基于这些检出的反应产物提出DCF可能的光解机理主要包括6种不同的转化路径,分别为脱氯环化、脱羧基反应、甲酰化反应、脱氯羟基化、脱氯氢化和醌化反应.