Cl-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的 微区电化学行为

目的对Cl~-作用下AerMet100钢在盐雾环境中的腐蚀和微区电化学行为进行研究。方法通过开展盐雾腐蚀试验,对AerMet100钢的腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物进行研究分析。盐雾试验不同时间后,通过SKP测试,得到试样的表面电位分布,通过Gauss拟合,对试样表面扫描开尔文电位的分布和变化情况进行分析。结果 AerMet100钢在盐雾腐蚀试验过程中的腐蚀行为从点蚀开始,逐渐发展为均匀腐蚀。腐蚀产物分为内外两层,外层疏松,内层致密。由于腐蚀反应过程中生成大量铁的氧化物及羟基氧化物,因此,内外层腐蚀产物中含有大量的Fe、O元素;内外锈层中均含有少量的Cl元素,表明Cl~-参与了腐蚀反应过程;内外锈层中Cr、Co、Ni等合金元素的存在,使得锈层具有离子选择性、致密性,加速了锈层的产生。未腐蚀的试样表面电位分布比较均匀,集中程度较高,即电位差较小,总体电位差为152 mV,有少量表面活性点随机分布,此时试样表面阴极和阳极分布不规则。盐雾试验3天后,试样表面电位正移,分布趋于分散,电位差增大,总体电位差为270m V,产生较为明显的阴极区和阳极区,由于吸附在试样表面活性点附近的Cl~-破坏了表面的氧化膜,腐蚀情况逐渐发生。盐雾试验6天后,试样表面电位进一步升高,分布更为分散,电位差略有减小,总体电位差为180 mV,由于腐蚀产物层的不断扩展,试样表面已经分为明显的较大面积的阴极区和阳极区。结论 Cl~-的侵蚀作用破坏了基体表面的氧化膜,使得AerMet100钢的腐蚀在夹杂物处发生。腐蚀产物能够阻碍Cl~-的渗透,对基体具有保护作用。     

装备（产品）环境试验方法之比较

从试验条件、试验对象、试验用途、应用阶段、采用的仪器和设备等方面比较了自然环境试验、实验室环境试验和使用环境试验这三大试验方法的特点和用途;研究了三大试验方法之间的关系及应用时机。建议在装备寿命期的不同阶段,综合应用不同的试验方法,以提高装备研制的效费比。     

脉冲电晕放电等离子体去除污染土壤热脱附尾气中的DDTs

为探索新型产业化应用热脱附尾气处理技术,采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体技术对含DDTs的热脱附尾气进行处理,考察了工艺参数如脉冲电压、脉冲频率、ρ（DDTs）和停留时间对DDTs处理效果的影响,分析了DDTs经低温等离子体处理后的分解产物.结果表明,DDTs的去除率随脉冲电压的升高、脉冲频率的增大和停留时间的延长而增加,随进气中ρ（DDTs）的升高而降低,但去除量随进气中ρ（DDTs）的升高而增大.进气中的ρ（DDTs）为30.0 mg/m3,停留时间为10 s,脉冲电压为30.0 kV,脉冲频率为50 Hz时,DDTs的去除率为82.5%.低温等离子体处理后,尾气中的ρ（p,p'-DDT）、ρ（o,p'-DDT）和ρ（p,p'-DDD）降低,ρ（p,p'-DDE）反而升高,另有微量的二苯甲烷、二苯甲醇、4,4'-二氯二苯甲烷、2,4'-二氯苯甲酮和1,1-双（对氯苯）-2-氯乙烯等分解产物被检出.研究显示,脉冲放电等离子体技术具有去除效率高等特点,可有效去除含DDTs的热脱附尾气.      

Photodegradation of soluble microbial products (SMPs) from membrane bioreactor by GO-COOH/TiO2/Ag

This study aimed to explore a new degradation method - photocatalysis technology to polish membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent, using 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol (2,6-DTBP) as a model soluble microbial product (SMP). 2,6-DTBP is one of the predominant SMPs in MBR effluent, which is refractory and difficult to biodegrade. This study developed a novel carboxylated graphene oxide/titanium dioxide/silver (GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag) nanocomposite to photodegrade 2,6-DTBP. GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag was successfully synthesized, using l-cysteine as the linker bonding TiO₂/Ag to GO-COOH. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite were characterized using various techniques. Owing to synergistic effects, the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite exhibited enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance under solar light irradiation when compared to TiO₂, Ag and GO-COOH. To remove 25 mg/L 2,6-DTBP, the reaction time for GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag was only 30 min, faster than the 90 min required for pure TiO₂ or Ag. In addition, the 200 mg/L GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite aqueous solution showed the best performance under solar light, with 99% removal of 2,6-DTBP. This enhanced capability is likely due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect contributed by Ag nanoparticles (NPs) doped onto the TiO₂. In addition, GO-COOH had a high effective surface area, which assisted in degrading the 2,6-DTBP through improved adsorption. The stability study showed that the photocatalytic activity of the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag was stable enough for recycling multiple times. The effective degradation performance and excellent stability demonstrates that the GO-COOH/TiO₂/Ag nanocomposite can be a promising photocatalyst in the field of effluent SMP photodegradation, which solves the problem of the difficult biodegradation of highly toxic 2,6-DTBP.     

人工合成麝香的环境污染、生态行为与毒理效应研究进展

人工合成麝香作为一种替代型香料被广泛应用于日用化工行业，由于其持续不断地输入环境，其中的一些典型化合物如加乐麝香和吐纳麝香等在水、土壤和大气环境中的浓度日益增加，并且在动物体和人体组织中产生了蓄积作用，其效应相当于持久性有机污染物。因此人工合成麝香作为一种新型污染物，已成为药物和个人护理品污染物（PPCPs）的重要组成部分。本文首先对人工合成麝香的种类与应用情况、环境来源和污染水平进行简要介绍。在此基础上，从人工合成麝香的生物蓄积行为、环境降解行为和生物转化行为等3个方面，对人工合成麝香所具有的持久性有机污染物的行为特征进行了分析；概述了人工合成麝香的环境激素毒性、遗传毒性效应、生理生态毒性、对酶活性的影响以及对微生物毒性效应的研究进展，展示了人工合成麝香所可能产生的不良生态效应。最后，根据目前对人工合成麝香的研究进展，提出了今后有关重点研究内容的建议，为合理评价和降低人工合成麝香的生态风险提供理论基础。     

灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在模拟大气条件下光解行为的研究

研究了灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在模拟大气条件下的光解行为,测定了在不同气氛环境中灭幼脲(Ⅲ)的反应速率.结果表明,灭幼脲(Ⅲ)在氮气及空气中的光解为一级反应,其反应速率常数分别为:0.00703h^-1和0.0109h^-1;在氧气中近似二级反应,其速率常数为0.00445h^-1(mg/g)^-1.其主要光解产物为:对氯苯胺,对氯苯基异氰酸酯,邻氯苯甲酰胺,对氯苯基脲和N—(邻氯苯甲酰基)对氯苯胺.根据产物组成,建议了可能的反应历程.     

Demographic Effects of Collecting Rattan Cane and Their Implications for Sustainable Harvesting

Abstract:  Rattan, Old World climbing palm, is an extremely valuable nontimber forest product whose canes are gathered for both market and nonmarket uses. I evaluated the effects of harvesting commercial rattan, Calamus zollingeri Becc., on genet survival and ramet demography in two primary forest sites near Lore Lindu National Park in Sulawesi, Indonesia. I monitored 168 permanently marked C. zollingeri genets for 4 years and surveyed random transects for C. zollingeri genet and ramet populations and evidence of cane harvesting in 1996 and 2000. Cane harvesting had no significant effect on genet survival or mean ramet densities. However, current cane extraction rates significantly reduced mean cane lengths and total available cane throughout the area during the study period. Based on observed genet and ramet populations and average cane growth rates of 1.4 m/year, the sustained-yield harvesting potential of C. zollingeri is approximately 101 m and 56 m/ha/year in the two study sites. Although C. zollingeri exhibits life-history traits well suited to sustained-yield harvesting, including production of multiple canes, cane resprouting following harvest, rapid cane growth, and widespread abundance below 1100 m, current harvest rates exceed growth and yield, and supplies of cane are being depleted. Rattan harvesting is widespread in Lore Lindu National Park. Approximately 18% of the park (42,000 ha) is likely subject to intensive and unsustainable extraction of C. zollingeri.     

茶多酚清除自由基和抗氧化作用的研究

本文用化学发光法和TBA法测定了GTP对不同反应体系产生的氧自由基的清除作用,结果表明,GTP对X/XO和PMA刺激的PMN体系中产生的化学发光强度的清除作用均有量效关系,GTP对PMA刺激的PMN和红细胞膜体系在TBA反应中产生的MDA的抑制作用亦均有量效关系。     

La-Cu-O/γ-Al2O3催化剂上CO和CH4氧化活性及氧性质研究

用长光路ＦＴＩＲ技术研究氟里昂替代物ＨＦＣ１５２ａ（ＣＨ３ＣＨＦ２）和ＨＣＦＣ２２（ＣＨＣｌＦ２）与ＯＨ自由基的大气光化学反应，研究了反应产物和反应机理，并对它们的环境影响和工业应用前景进行了评价．ＨＣＦＣ２２只能作为过渡性的替代物使用，而ＨＦＣ１５２ａ可以发展成为非常有价值的永久性替代物．     

钢渣直接熔制高档陶瓷产品

钢渣是目前排放量较大的一种典型工业废渣 ,我国有效利用率仅 10 % ,对环境造成极大的危害。在此介绍一种利用排放热态钢渣直接熔制高档陶瓷产品的新技术 ,并对产品的显微结构和经济性进行了分析。结果表明 ,钢渣热态资源化技术是一项具有广阔应用前景的钢渣资源化技术