哈尔滨市无公害农产品发展中存在的问题与对策

介绍了哈尔滨市无公害农产品的发展情况,指出了在发展中存在的问题,并提出了一些发展对策。     

氧化还原过程对好氧微生物产物光敏性的影响

从好氧活性污泥微生物和纯种大肠杆菌中提取溶解性微生物产物(SMP),考察光化学和电化学氧化还原过程对SMP官能团,组分和光化学活性的影响机制.结果显示,活性污泥微生物SMP(Ae)与大肠杆菌SMP(E)的SUVA₂₅₄和E2/E3分别为4.03与0.79和1.60与3.04,表明SMP(Ae)比SMP(E)芳香性和分子量更高,光照和电化学改性过程明显降低了蛋白类组分的荧光响应,进行改变了SMP的芳香性和腐殖化程度.两种改性过程可以增强SMP在光照条件下活性氧化物种(³SMP*、¹O₂和·OH)的浓度,其中[¹O₂]_ss由改性前的1.70mol/L提高到改性后的18.47mol/L,[·OH]_ss由改性前的3.57mol/L提升到438.25mol/L.17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)的光降解效率在改性SMP的介导下最高提升了近5倍.本研究完善了污水处理厂出水中SMP的环境转化过程及其介导痕量有机污染物的自然光降解过...     

污水处理系统中三氯生固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱(GC)-电子俘获检测器(ECD)测定方法的建立和优化

建立了污水处理系统中三氯生的固相萃取(SPE)-气相色谱分离(GC)-ECD检测器检测的分析方法.采集和处理水样和泥样后,优化了三氯生衍生化条件,即衍生化试剂量为150 μL,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为120 min;GC-ECD对三氯生的方法检出限可达0.56 μg·L-1(S/N=3),定量检出限为1.22 μg...     

The switching effect of environmental taxation within Bertrand differentiated duopoly

We investigate second-best optimal taxation of the polluting variety of a product in a Bertrand duopoly with differentiated varieties. The analysis provides novel insight on a useful social function of environmental regulation. Besides internalizing the environmental externality, the taxation of the polluting variety improves the matching of consumers and product varieties, and so creates a socially desirable business switching between the differentiated varieties.     

我国稀土进出口量与价格关联度状况分析

稀土是我国五大优势矿产资源之一,在我国国民经济建设中具有重要的战略意义.近年来,我国稀土矿产品进出口贸易逐年增长,而进出口价格却呈现较大幅度的波动趋势.从对我国稀土进出口总量、进出口价格走势的分析入手,利用灰色关联度模型评估稀土出口总量分别对出口价格、进口价格、进口总量的相关程度,提出了我国稀土贸易的相关建议.     

基于多模型耦合的化工物料输送管道泄漏检测系统研究

将物料平衡统计模型、信号序列相关分析模型和管道机理模型进行耦合,实现了管道泄漏事故的检测、空间定位和泄漏量估算.多模型耦合的方法降低了利用单一模型进行检测的漏检风险.将模型与GIS紧密集成,实现了泄漏信息的直观显示,可有效提高化工管道泄漏事故的应急反应效率.     

全球稀土贸易的资源环境净效益与公平性

为解决稀土资源贸易的资源环境不公平问题,结合生命周期评价方法与成本效益分析方法,核算了稀土资源产品国际贸易中所有国家的实际资源环境净效益,并判断未来国际制造业的三大主要发展趋势带来的影响.结果表明,2018年稀土资源产品国际贸易的实际资源环境净效益高达85亿美元,主要贡献来自于稀土原材料产品.未来国际制造业的发展格局下,尽管绿色发展与气候目标政策会降低17%的净效益,但依然是改善资源环境不公平问题的关键政策路径;产业链转移重构政策会减少11%的净效益,加剧经济水平较低国家的资源环境不公平问题;新兴制造业发展政策会增加76%的净效益,但经济水平较低国家的资源环境不公平问题依然较为严峻.     

Chlorination of para-substituted phenols: Formation of α, β-unsaturated C4-dialdehydes and C4-dicarboxylic acids

Despite the widespread occurrence of phenols in anthropogenic and natural compounds, their fate in reactions with hypochlorous acid (HOCl), one of the most common water treatment disinfectants, remains incompletely understood. To close this knowledge gap, this study investigated the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in the reaction of free chlorine with seven para-substituted phenols. Based on the chemical structures of the DBPs and the reaction mechanisms leading to their formation, the DBPs were categorized into four groups: chlorophenols, coupling products, substituent reaction products, and ring cleavage products. In contrast to previous studies that investigated the formation of early-stage chlorophenols, the primary focus of this study was on the elucidation of novel ring cleavage products, in particular α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, which, for the first time, were identified and quantified in this study. The molar yields of 2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA), one of the identified α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes, varied among the different phenolic compounds, reaching a maximum value of 10.4% for bisphenol S. Molar yields of 2-chloromaleic acid (Cl-MA), one of the identified C₄-dicarboxylic acids, reached a maximum value of 30.5% for 4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid under given conditions. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) was shown to be an important intermediate of the parent phenols and the C₄-ring cleavage products. Based on the temporal trends of α, β-unsaturated C₄-dialdehydes and C₄-dicarboxylic acids, their formation is likely attributable to two separate ring cleavage pathways. Based on the obtained results, an overall transformation pathway for the reaction of para-substituted phenols with free chlorine leading to the formation of novel C₄ ring cleavage products was proposed.     

中国初级农产品生产的环境污染威胁及应对性科研投入现状分析

食品安全和环境污染已经成为中国当下最受关注的两大民生问题.通过文献梳理可知,重金属等环境污染物是威胁初级农产品安全的主要原因之一.中国环境统计资料已经证实,21世纪以来作为初级农产品安全生产源头威胁因素的环境污染形势仍严峻,同期,中国初级农产品产量总体上呈逐年上升趋势,但粮食、水产品、猪牛羊肉等初级农产品产地相对集中.分析2012年统计数据可知,占全国粮食比重37％的稻谷,其主产区湘、赣诸省同时也是重金属镉、铅污染严重的省份;而在深圳、盐城所开展的水产品受环境污染影响的区域个案研究也足以引起我们关于中国水产品安全生产正受环境污染威胁的担忧.本可寄希望于各级公共财政能投入资金并引导科研资源优先配置于威胁初级农产品安全生产的环境污染治理的科研领域,以图解决上述问题.但环保部门和农业部门科研资源的投入缺乏对食品安全与环境污染问题的统筹考量,甚至连综合性的国家自然科学基金也未能打破学科和行业壁垒,这势必影响有效的解决食品安全的源头问题.     

橡胶制品工业工艺废气排放因子探讨——以轮胎企业为例

介绍AP-42、GB27632—2011中橡胶制品工艺废气污染物情况,并与轮胎企业工艺废气污染物实测数据进行比较分析,探讨了工艺废气的排放因子。结果表明轮胎企业工艺废气主要来自于炼胶、硫化工序,排放主要污染物为颗粒物、二甲苯、非甲烷总烃和二硫化碳,排放因子可参照AP-42确定。