湿式石灰石-石膏烟气脱硫系统的工艺控制

通过实践提出湿法脱硫系统运行时工艺参数的优化值,重点讨论了浆液pH、石膏相对过饱和度的控制,以实例说明烟气负荷变化时设备运行方式的改变和参数的调整手段。     

Contribution of Spartina maritima to the reduction of eutrophication in estuarine systems

Salt marshes are among the most productive ecosystems in the world, performing important ecosystem functions, particularly nutrient recycling. In this study, a comparison is made between Mondego and Tagus estuaries in relation to the role of Spartina maritima in nitrogen retention capacity and cycling. Two mono-specific S. maritima stands per estuary were studied during 1 yr (biomass, nitrogen (N) pools, litter production, decomposition rates). Results showed that the oldest Tagus salt marsh population presented higher annual belowground biomass and N productions, and a slower decomposition rate for litter, contributing to the higher N accumulation in the sediment, whereas S. maritima younger marshes had higher aboveground biomass production. Detritus moved by tides represented a huge amount of aboveground production, probably significant when considering the N balance of these salt marshes. Results reinforce the functions of salt marshes as contributing to a reduction of eutrophication in transitional waters, namely through sedimentation processes.     

Assessment of Eutrophication in Estuaries: Pressure–State–Response and Nitrogen Source Apportionment

A eutrophication assessment method was developed as part of the National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment (NEEA) Program. The program is designed to improve monitoring and assessment of eutrophication in the estuaries and coastal bays of the United States with the intent to guide management plans and develop analytical and research models and tools for managers. These tools will help guide and improve management success for estuaries and coastal resources. The assessment method, a Pressure-State-Response approach, uses a simple model to determine Pressure and statistical criteria for indicator variables (where applicable) to determine State. The Response determination is mostly heuristic, although research models are being developed to improve that component. The three components are determined individually and then combined into a single rating. Application to several systems in the European Union (E.U.), specifically in Portugal, shows that the method is transferable, and thus is useful for development of management measures in both the Unites States and E.U. This approach identifies and quantifies the key anthropogenic nutrient input sources to estuaries so that management measures can target inputs for maximum effect. Because nitrogen is often the limiting nutrient in estuarine systems, examples of source identification and quantification for nitrogen have been developed for 11 coastal watersheds on the U.S. east coast using the WATERSN model. In general, estuaries in the Northeastern United States receive most of their nitrogen from human sewage, followed by atmospheric deposition. This is in contrast to some watersheds in the Mid-Atlantic (Chesapeake Bay) and South Atlantic (Pamlico Sound), which receive most of their nitrogen from agricultural runoff. Source identification is important for implementing effective management measures that should be monitored for success using assessment methods, as described herein. For instance, these results suggest that Northeastern estuaries would likely benefit most from improved sewage treatment, where as the Mid and South Atlantic systems would benefit most from agricultural runoff reductions.     

Effects of acute γ-irradiation on the aquatic microbial microcosm in comparison with chemicals

Effects of acute γ-irradiation were investigated in the aquatic microcosm consisting of green algae (Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp.) and a blue–green alga (Tolypothrix sp.) as producers; an oligochaete (Aeolosoma hemprichi), rotifers (Lecane sp. and Philodina sp.) and a ciliate protozoan (Cyclidium glaucoma) as consumers; and more than four species of bacteria as decomposers. At 100 Gy, populations were not affected in any taxa. At 500–5000 Gy, one or three taxa died out and populations of two or three taxa decreased over time, while that of Tolypothrix sp. increased. This Tolypothrix sp. increase was likely an indirect effect due to interspecies interactions. The principal response curve analysis revealed that the main trend of the effects was a dose-dependent population decrease. For a better understanding of radiation risks in aquatic microbial communities, effect doses of γ-rays compared with copper, herbicides and detergents were evaluated using the radiochemoecological conceptual model and the effect index for microcosm.     

以pH和ORP作为脉冲SBR工艺的实时控制参数

为了实现脉冲SBR深度脱氮的实时控制，以某污水处理厂市政污水为处理对象，考察了脉冲SBR在深度脱氮过程中pH及ORP的变化规律。试验结果表明，pH及ORP的变化规律与脉冲SBR有机物去除、硝化与反硝化过程存在较好的相关关系。可以根据pH和ORP变化曲线上的特征点对脉冲SBR进行实时控制。并考察了污水C／N（COD／NH4^＋-N）对pH及ORP的变化规律的影响。在硝化过程中，C／N对pH及ORP曲线变化点的出现没有影响；在反硝化过程中，应结合pH值“硝酸盐峰”和ORP“硝酸盐膝”来判断低C／N污水反硝化的终点。在该试验中，出水TN低于2mg／L，TN去除率可达到96％以上。     

杂质对硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度的影响

利用自制装置对含杂质的硝酸铵水溶液临界爆炸温度进行测试研究.结果表明,Cl-单独作用在一定程度上抑制硝酸铵溶液的热分解,提高了其临界爆炸温度;pH值一定时,随着Cl-浓度的增大,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度呈指数形式降低;Cl-浓度一定时,pH值越小,硝酸铵水溶液的临界爆炸温度越低;油脂会降低硝酸铵溶液的热稳定性.该结果...     

海水、大气化学演化对动物起源和进化方向的制约

动物的起源主要依赖于氨基酸等有机小分子在海水中能否进行脱水缩合反应而生成生物高分子，后者则依赖于海水pH值升高和大气CO2浓度降低的历史演化进程。有机小分子只有在海水pH值演化到近中性，即寒或纪时彼此才能发生脱水缩合反应而合成生物高分子。只有大气CO2分压降到1000Pa以下，即泥盆纪以后，陆地上才能出现稳定的土壤层和植物，动物也才能从海洋扩展到陆地。随后大气CO2浓度继续降低导致了气温下降和植物生长率的衰减，促使动物进一步演化。     

次氯酸钠氧化消除水中BPA的影响因素和动力学

采用常用消毒剂次氯酸钠对内分泌干扰物双酚A（BPA）的氧化消除及动力学规律进行研究,考察了加氯量、BPA初始浓度、pH值、Br^-浓度和温度各因素对降解效果的影响.结果表明,次氯酸钠对BPA的氧化降解过程符合拟一级反应动力学;pH值对该降解反应影响较大,当pH为8～9时,BPA与 HOCl的反应速率达到最大为0 .544 3　min^-1;溶液中存在Br^-会加快BPA的降解,并且其整体反应不符合拟一级动力学规律,随着Br^-浓度的增加,BPA降解得越快;温度对该降解反应的影响较大并且符合Van't Hoff规则,提高反应温度,有利于氯对BPA的降解.     

低pH值及铝对深鳅吸收45Ca的影响

为了探讨低ｐＨ和铝对水生生物的毒性或联合毒性效应,进一步研究钙缓解作用机理,用放射性核素＾４５Ｃａ作为示踪剂,研究在低ｐＨ值及加铝条件下,泥鳅（Ｍｉｓｇｕｍｕｓａｎｇｕｉｌｌｉｃａｕｄａｔｕｓ）对钙离子的吸收分布情况,结果表明,生长在ｐＨ在７．１０时,＾４５Ｃａ在泥鳅体内各器官的９６ｈ放射性比度为,皮肤３９５３２ｃｐｍ／ｇ,骨骼３８１１６ｃｐｍ／ｇ,鳃２５４９５ｃｐｍ／ｇ,肌肉１６５１ｃｐｍ／ｇ低     

黄河口无机碳输运过程对pH异常增高现象的响应

为研究黄河无机碳的输运过程及有效入海通量,通过对2004年至2006年黄河口汛期和非汛期淡水-海水混合过程中无机碳参数、溶解氧饱和度、叶绿素和NH⁺₄、 PO^3-₄的分析得出,黄河口低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象,而恰在此区域DIC出现亏损现象,黄河口淡-咸水混合区域pH异常增高现象可以表征无机碳的沉降作用.淡咸水混合初期生物好氧呼吸作用的降低能够导致p_CO2的迅速降低是造成低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象的主要原因.根据河口溶解物质的保守混合模型,发现混合过程中ΔDIC与ΔTA是1∶1的关系,表明DIC出现亏损是由于HCO^-₃清除造成的,汛期和非汛期黄河口无机碳的沉降作用能够清除输入到河口DIC总量的10%,即黄河口每年可清除1.21×10⁵ t河流输入的溶解无机碳,DIC的有效入海通量约为10.86×10⁵ t,通过评估,黄河流域风化作用吸收的大气CO₂量将有10%左右被河口无机碳沉降作用重新释放到大气中,而流域风化作用固定的CO₂在河口将有2.24×10⁵ t（以CO₂计）重新释放到大气中.