制粒及工艺优化对工程化阴燃治理含油污泥的影响

针对含油污泥含水率高、含油率高、渗透性差导致应用工程化阴燃处置技术的适应性差、处置能力低等问题,采用制粒手段强化含油污泥的预处理过程,并对其阴燃点燃及推进方式加以调整,旨在筛选出较优的预处理和阴燃工艺参数。通过小试实验探索了含水率对油泥制粒的影响,以及含水率、制粒状态、辅助燃料、阴燃启动方式和推进方向对阴燃的影响。结果表明,某含油废水治理产生的含油污泥可采用对辊挤出制粒的方式进行预处理,含水率宜控制在33%~35%;油泥经脱水或制粒均可增强阴燃稳健性;含水率较高时添加质量分数5%的稻壳,点燃耗时可缩短约40%,阴燃蔓延速度提升约70%;采用木炭间接启动阴燃也可显著缩短点燃耗时。本研究结果可为工程化阴燃治理油泥的工艺和设备设计提供参考。     

印染污泥与铁尾矿磁化焙烧回收铁资源

我国铁尾矿累计堆存量超1×10¹⁰ t,主要为难选的赤铁矿、褐铁矿、菱铁矿等,由于脉石矿物组成复杂,重金属等有害杂质含量高,难以直接资源化利用。利用铁尾矿与印染污泥共同磁化焙烧,回收铁尾矿和印染污泥中铁资源,研究了焙烧温度、焙烧时间和印染污泥掺烧量对铁品位和铁回收率的影响及作用机制。最佳焙烧条件为,800 °C、30 min、印染污泥掺烧量15%,对焙烧产物进行120 mT的湿法磁选,得到铁品位63.78%,回收率92.58%的铁精矿。铁尾矿中的针铁矿失水留下孔隙转化为赤铁矿,进而被还原为磁铁矿,其还原路径为FeO(OH)→Fe₂O₃→Fe₃O₄。SEM+MAPPING分析结果表明,磁化焙烧后赤铁矿和铝化合物的连生体被破坏,通过磁选可提升铁精矿品位及回收率。本研究可为印染污泥和铁尾矿的协同处理及资源化利用提供参考。     

Fate of ah receptor agonists during biological treatment of an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Sweden is meeting prohibition for deposition of organic waste from 2005. Since 1 million tons of sludge is produced every year in Sweden and the capacity for incineration does not fill the demands, other methods of sludge management have to be introduced to a higher degree. Two biological treatment alternatives are anaerobic digestion and composting. Different oxygen concentrations result in different microbial degradation pathways and, consequently, in a different quality of the digestion or composting residue, It is therefore necessary to study sludge treatment during different oxygen regimes in order to follow both degradation of compounds and change in toxicity. In this study, an industrial sludge containing explosives and pharmaceutical residues was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting, and the change in toxicity was studied. Nitroaromatic compounds, which are the main ingredients of both pharmaceutical and explosives, are well known to cause cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. However, little data are available concerning sludge with nitroaromatics and any associated dioxin-like activity. Therefore, we studied the sludge before and after the treatments in order to detect any changes in levels of Ah receptor (AhR) agonists using two bioassays for dioxin-like compounds. METHODS: An industrial sludge was treated with anaerobic digestion or composting in small reactors in a semi-continuous manner. The same volume as the feeding volume was taken out daily and stored at -20 degrees C. Sample preparation for the bioassays was done by extraction using organic solvents, followed by clean up with silica gel or sulphuric acid, yielding two fractions. The fractions were dissolved in DMSO and tested in the bioassays. The dioxin-like activity was measured using the DR-CALUX assay with transfected H4IIE rat hepatoma pGudluc cells and an EROD induction assay with RTL-W1 rainbow trout liver cells. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The bioassays showed that the sludge contained AhR agonists at levels of TCDD equivalents (TEQs) higher than other sludge types in Sweden. In addition, the TEQ values for the acid resistant fractions increased considerably after anaerobic digestion, resulting in an apparent formation of acid resistant TEQs in the anaerobic reactors. Similar results have been reported from studies of fermented household waste. There was a large difference in effects between the two bioassays, with higher TEQ levels in the RTL-W1 EROD assay than in the DR-CALUX assay. This is possibly due to a more rapid metabolism in rat hepatocytes than in trout hepatocytes or to differences in sensitivities for the AhR agonists in the sludge. It was also demonstrated by GC/FID analysis that the sludge contained high concentrations of nitroaromatics. It is suggested that nitroaromatic metabolites, such as aromatic amines and nitroanilines, are possible candidates for the observed bioassay effects. It was also found that the AhR agonists in the sludge samples were volatile. CONCLUSIONS: The sludge contained fairly high concentrations of volatile AhR agonists. The increase of acid resistant AhR agonist after anaerobic digestion warrants further investigations of the chemical and toxic properties of these compounds and of the mechanisms behind this observation. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: This study has pointed out the benefits of using different types of mechanism-specific bioassays when evaluating the change in toxicity by sludge treatment, in which measurement of dioxin-like activity can be a valuable tool. In order to study the recalcitrant properties of the compounds in the sludge using the DR-CALUX assay, the exposure time can be varied between 6 and 24 hours. The properties of the acid-resistant AhR agonists formed in the anaerobic treatment have to be investigated in order to choose the most appropriate method for sludge management.     

活性污泥反应器流态研究中示踪剂的选择

针对活性污泥反应器中的流态研究需要,通过备选示踪剂氯化锂、亚甲蓝和氯化钠的污泥吸附试验以及曝气静沉试验,研究了活性污泥对这3种示踪剂的吸附作用,以及示踪剂浓度对污泥处理效果的影响情况。结果表明,亚甲蓝易被污泥吸附,对试验数据干扰较大,且吸附亚甲蓝后,水样中污泥对COD_Cr的处理效率下降幅度达50%以上;氯化锂和氯化钠是离子型示踪剂,本身不易被吸附,投加后的活性污泥对COD_Cr的处理效率基本不变,保持在70%以上。从示踪剂投加量以及出水水质控制方面考虑,确定氯化锂为3种示踪剂中的最佳示踪剂。     

Fenton氧化联合人工湿地处理污泥中的重金属

针对单独应用Fenton氧化技术处理污泥的不足以及人工湿地在处理污水污泥方面的优势,以污水处理厂污泥浓缩池中含重金属污泥为对象,研究其依次经过Fenton氧化和人工湿地处理后重金属的去除效果及形态变化,以及污泥pH、TN和TP的变化情况。结果表明,Fenton氧化提高了污泥重金属的生物有效性,并促进了人工湿地对重金属的去除。Fenton氧化污泥经人工湿地处理后,Cu、Zn、Ni和Mn的去除率分别为67.2%、79.7%、37.0%和17.0%,与对照相比重金属的平均去除率提高了27.5%。经人工湿地处理后Fenton氧化污泥和原污泥重金属的生物有效性均降低。Fenton氧化污泥pH为4.4～4.6,经人工湿地处理后为6.2～7.1。人工湿地对Fenton氧化污泥和原污泥中TN的影响较小,而对TP表现出较高的去除率,2系统TP的去除率分别为51.1%和45.5%。     

进料频率对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温共发酵系统稳定性的影响

考察系统负荷(以COD计)为11.36 g·(L·d)-1时,6种不同进料频率下,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥中温厌氧共发酵过程中产气量、气体组分、SCOD、pH和挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的变化,旨在明确进料频率对系统稳定性的影响,同时结合单一VFA的产甲烷动力学特性,探明系统不稳定的原因。结果表明,进料频率较高时,进料周期内系统的气体组分、SCOD和pH无明显变化,产气量呈线性增长,且基本无VFA积累。随着进料频率降低,进料初期过快的水解酸化导致SCOD和VFAs浓度呈现明显的先升高后逐渐降低的趋势,从而导致pH和甲烷含量波动明显。当进料频率为1 次·d-1时,系统中pH降至7.5,甲烷含量降至45.4%,丙酸占总有机酸的比例最高可达87.9%。相比乙酸而言,丙酸在甲烷化过程中存在的延滞期(1.21 h)及较低的甲烷化速率(5.01 mL·h-1)可能是导致存在丙酸积累的低频进料系统中稳定性较差的原因之一。     

微波预处理对剩余污泥生化处理的影响

采用微波对污泥进行预处理,考察处理功率和处理时间对污泥破解效果的影响;通过生化处理考察处理后污泥的降解效果。结果表明：适当提高微波处理功率,延长微波处理时间,可有效提高污泥破解效果,提高污泥中溶解性有机物含量。在最佳条件 500?W、10?min下,污泥破解率（ω）、溶解性总氮（TDN）和溶解性总磷（TDP）分别为31.0%、179.6?mg·L-1和31.3?mg·L-1。红外光谱分析表明,经微波处理后,污泥中的基团性质有所增强。预处理后污泥的日产甲烷量高于未处理污泥,累积产甲烷量提高了45.3%,表明污泥得到有效降解。经生化处理后,化学需氧量（COD）去除率达到98%以上,TDP去除率达到80%~85%,出水的TDN高于进泥。因此,对剩余污泥采用微波预处理进行生化处理的技术路线是可行的。     

污泥与香蕉秸秆混合厌氧发酵特性

为提高污泥、香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵的甲烷产率,采用批式实验,研究污泥与香蕉秸秆厌氧发酵及其协同特性。实验结果表明：污泥和香蕉秸秆实验组分别会出现氨抑制、酸抑制现象,影响厌氧发酵的进行,一段时间后都可以自行解除抑制恢复产气。热碱污泥、碱浴秸秆实验组均可以解除抑制作用,甲烷产率较预处理前分别提高43%、176%。混合物质发酵实验组的甲烷产率较热碱污泥、碱浴秸秆实验组分别提高了110%、30%,较污泥和香蕉秸秆实验组分别提高了200%、259%。说明污泥和香蕉秸秆混合厌氧发酵,可以提高甲烷产率。     

垃圾填埋场污泥坑原位修复工程实践

垃圾填埋场内污泥坑的存在严重影响填埋场竖向扩建和填埋堆高。对某垃圾填埋场内污泥坑进行现场勘察取样、原位测试与室内实验,获得污泥的分层及沿深度变化的物理、力学特性,并针对不同分层的污泥,提出表层垃圾清除、污水抽排、泥水混合污泥土工管袋脱水、流塑、软塑污泥原位固化综合处理方法。对污泥坑抽排污水过程中垃圾堆体边坡进行渗流稳定分析,发现渗滤液水位快速下降将导致污泥坑垃圾边坡滑移失稳,在污泥坑治理过程中应采取相应措施。根据污泥坑上覆80~120 m垃圾堆体沿原位固化污泥滑移稳定分析,获得污泥坑原位固化处理强度指标,不排水抗剪强度Cu为40 kPa。     

沼液回流对秸秆与污泥混合中温厌氧消化的影响

为了提高秸秆与市政污泥混合厌氧消化的消化产率,以秸秆污泥混合物作为底物,在批次实验中研究不同沼液回流对中温（35 ℃）混合厌氧消化过程的影响。实验采用0% 、20%、30%、40%、50%和60%等6种不同的沼液回流量,分析不同沼液回流量下产气量、甲烷含量、发酵过程氨氮含量、sCOD、总挥发酸（VFAs）的变化情况。结果表明：50%的沼液回流产气量和甲烷产量均最大,分别是1 645 mL和797.5 mL,TS和VS去除率达到17.5%和47.8%,单位VS甲烷产量为613.45 mL·g-1,较未加沼液的发酵瓶提高了37.7%,且无VFAs积累。过高的沼液回流量提升了厌氧反应的氨氮浓度,对厌氧产气过程产生了抑制。50%沼液回流量可以作为秸秆污泥混合厌氧消化最佳回流量。