Yearly variation in characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs in urban shanghai from 2010–2018

This study encompassed the regular observation of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter (PM) in Shanghai in summer and winter from 2010 to 2018. The results showed that the mean concentrations of ?PAHs in summer decreased by 24.7% in 2013 and 18.1% in 2017 but increased by 10.2% in 2015 compared to the data in 2010. However, the mean concentrations of ?PAHs in winter decreased by 39.7% from 2010 (12.8 ± 4.55 ng/m³) to 2018 (7.72 ± 3.33 ng/m³), and the mean concentrations of 1-nitropyrene in winter decreased by 79.0% from 2010 (42.3 ± 16.1 pg/m³) to 2018 (8.90 ± 2.09 pg/m³). Correlation analysis with meteorological conditions revealed that the PAH and NPAH concentrations were both influenced by ambient temperature. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and factor analysis showed that they were mainly affected by traffic emissions with some coal and/or biomass combustion. The ratio of 2-nitrofluoranthene to 2-nitropyrene was near 10, which indicated that the OH radical-initiated reaction was the main pathway leading to their secondary formation. Moreover, backward trajectories revealed different air mass routes in each sampling period, indicating a high possibility of source effects from the northern area in winter in addition to local and surrounding influences. Meanwhile, the mean total benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations in Shanghai in winter decreased by 50.8% from 2010 (1860 ± 645 pg/m³) to 2018 (916 ± 363 pg/m³). These results indicated the positive effects of the various policies and regulations issued by Chinese authorities.     

深孔爆破孔底充填缓冲吸能材料减震试验研究

通过对影响爆破震波各种主要因素的分析,针对深孔爆破采用孔底装填吸能缓冲材料,来削减炸药爆炸在孔底的冲击压力和吸收部分能量,从而达到降低爆破震动对周边建(构)物影响的目的。并进行现场爆破试验,对爆破震动波进行测试,同时对减震爆破装药和非减震的常规爆破装药进行比较,获得的测试数据证明,采用孔底装填吸能缓冲材料其减震率达到3.23%～35.19%。     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

贵州农村冬季不同燃料燃烧产生的室内外PM_(2.5)研究

为了解贵州农村家庭冬季不同燃料燃烧产生的室内外PM2.5污染状况及其产生与变化规律,2011年11月～2012年2月间选择燃煤村寨水城县A村、烧柴村寨从江县B村和沼气推广示范村寨贵阳市乌当区C村各1户,每户设置厨房、卧室和室外3个监测点,进行连续5天PM2.5小时浓度和日均浓度的监测。结果表明:贵州农村室内因冬季燃烧不同燃料,产生的PM2.5浓度水平差异较大,但3户室内外空气中PM2.5的浓度大部分高于GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中PM2.5日均浓度限值75μg/m3,其中燃煤的A村室内PM2.5的浓度水平最高;厨房PM2.5的浓度,燃煤的家庭>燃柴的家庭>燃沼气的家庭,表明沼气是相对最为清洁的能源;而厨房与卧室相比,燃煤家庭和燃柴家庭厨房PM2.5平均小时浓度均高于卧室的PM2.5平均小时浓度,表明厨房应是室内主要的因燃料引起的环境空气污染区域;B村室外环境空气中PM2.5日均浓度高于其卧室中PM2.5日均浓度,表明除燃料燃烧本身引起的室内环境空气污染外,改善室外环境空气质量也是不容忽视的重要方面。     

铝基吸附剂去除饮用水中氟的研究进展

活性氧化铝是饮用水除氟中使用最为广泛的吸附剂,但它存在一些问题,如吸附容量偏低、适用pH范围偏小、吸附平衡时间较长、出水铝超标等。针对这些问题,许多研究者对活性氧化铝吸附剂进行改进,将多种金属元素或金属氧化物以不同的比例和方式掺杂到活性氧化铝中,开发了多种基于活性氧化铝的新型复合吸附剂。其中被用于掺杂的金属主要有铁、镁、锰、锌及稀土元素等。文章按掺杂金属的不同,对铝基吸附剂的各类性能和除氟效果进行了比较,并对除氟吸附剂未来的发展进行了展望。     

车用柴油机燃用棕榈生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性研究

在满足国Ⅳ排放法规的车用柴油机上研究了燃用不同掺混体积比例的棕榈油生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性.试验中棕榈油生物柴油的掺混比例分别为0%、10%、20%、50%和100%,采用DMS500型快速颗粒光谱仪测试分析了发动机在外特性和负荷特性时的颗粒物数量浓度、质量浓度及粒径分布.研究结果表明:随生物柴油掺混比例的增加,颗粒物质量浓度降低.燃用生物柴油后颗粒物的数量浓度在大负荷明显降低,中小负荷呈升高趋势.生物柴油的排气颗粒物呈核态和凝聚态的双峰分布特征,核态数量浓度所占比例高于柴油,凝聚态的质量浓度所占比例略低于柴油.生物柴油颗粒物的几何平均直径小于柴油.     

垃圾焚烧烟气高温净化反应产物的收尘技术

利用石灰作吸收剂在较高温度段净化垃圾焚烧烟气中所含的酸性气体,并及时进行收尘有利于焚烧炉的安全、经济运行。本实验在实验室规模的旋风分离器实验台上,对中、高温烟气工况下石灰净化HCl气体后的反应产物的分离效率以及反应产物的粒径变化规律进行了研究。试验结果表明:高温下石灰颗粒尤其是反应后的产物存在着团聚现象,并且产物团聚现象随烟气温度升高而加剧,进而显著地影响了分离效率,使450～760℃范围内的分离效率提高到94%以上。     

基于碳纤复合材料的可重复使用运载器静电防护研究

目的研究可重复使用运载器的静电防护方案。方法针对可重复使用运载器特点,以及飞行期间遭遇的空间静电放电环境,基于空间静电带电数学模型,计算出运载器表面材料带电离子的静电充电电位。在此基础上,分析复合材料静电特性,提出静电防护层与电气设备等电位共地方案。结果该方案采用碳纤维复合材料作为静电防护层,与大截面积的接地母线相连,为运载器电气设备提供低阻抗、大电荷容量的等电位地。结论该方案能够有效抵御静电产生的干扰,为运载器电子设备提供可靠、安全、抗干扰的电磁环境。另外,该方案工艺实现简单,大大减轻了运载器的设计质量。     

不同混合基体改进剂在涂钼石墨管测定细颗粒物中锡的应用研究

细颗粒物(PM2.5)是目前环境相关研究的焦点对象之一,但如何客观有效的分析检测细颗粒物的金属组分,却缺乏相关国家标准规范支撑,对应研究亦鲜见报道.利用美国PE公司AAnalyst600型石墨炉原子吸收仪进行实验,研究几种不同混合基体改进剂在涂钼石墨管石墨炉原子吸收法测定细颗粒物(PM2.5)中锡的影响,发现利用硝酸钯-钼酸铵混合溶液为基体改进剂测定锡,方法的相对标准偏差为1.8%~4.5%,空白回收率为95.4%~97.8%,实际样品回收率为87.3%~98.5%.能够满足国家实验室分析质控要求.适用于细颗粒物中微量锡的测定.     

兰州市沙尘天气与痤疮门诊量的时间序列

研究沙尘天气、非沙尘天气下颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀）对痤疮门诊量的影响,并进行性别、年龄分层研究,筛选敏感人群.收集了2013~2017年兰州市沙尘期与非沙尘期3家三甲医院痤疮门诊量资料、大气颗粒物及气象数据,采用基于泊松分布的分布滞后非线性模型（DLNM）,控制气象因素、季节性和长期趋势、星期几效应等混杂因素,分析沙尘期与非沙尘期颗粒物对痤疮门诊量的影响及滞后效应.结果表明：沙尘期时,兰州市3家三甲医院痤疮日均门诊量为26人次,范围3~54人次.非沙尘期时痤疮日均门诊量为37人次,范围1~89人次;单污染物模型显示,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀均在滞后第6d （lag6）时效应量达到最大值,其浓度每增加10μg/m³,痤疮门诊量的超额危险度（ER）及95%可信区间（95% CI）分别为1.065（95% CI：0.260~1.877）、0.355（95% CI：0.018~0.693）、0.310（95% CI：0.054~0.567）,PM_2.5对痤疮门诊量的影响最为显著;性别及年龄分层发现,性别分层中PM_2.5对女性的影响有统计学意义,其浓度每增加10μg/m³,痤疮门诊量增加1.077（95% CI：0.124~2.039）;年龄分层中,0~18岁组受PM_C、PM₁₀影响显著,19~24岁组受PM_2.5、PM₁₀影响显著,各颗粒物对25~34岁组及≥35岁组效应无统计学意义.在非沙尘期时,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀不引起痤疮门诊量增加.双/多污染物模型显示,分别调整其他污染物后,PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀对痤疮门诊量的影响与单污染物模型类似,仍具有统计学意义.兰州市沙尘天气下大气颗粒物（PM_2.5、PM_C、PM₁₀）可使痤疮门诊量增加,对女性及青少年影响显著.