Leaf volatiles and polyphenols in pear trees infested byPsylla pyricola. Evidence of simultaneously induced responses

Summary Feeding by the homopteranPsylla pyricola on leaves of pear trees induces the production of volatile compounds, such as (E,E)--farnesene and methyl-salicylate, as well as the production of polyphenols. The inference on induction is based on GC-MS and HPLC chromatograms from the same samples ofPsylla infested leaves, leaves from the same pear tree beforePsylla infestation and uninfested leaves from other pear trees.Psylla infestation greatly enhanced the production of volatiles ((E,E)--farnesene, methyl-salicylate and others) and triggered the production of new polyphenols, characterized by much longer retention times.However, the responses to infestation depend critically on leaf age (defined by leaf distance to apex). With respect to the leaf volatiles it appears that infested, old leaves produce fewer compounds and lower amounts of the volatiles than infested, young leaves. Moreover, there seem to be differences in pattern. Relative to (E,E)--farnesene, methyl-salicylate was found in much lower amounts in heavily infested, old leaves. With respect to polyphenols it was found that infested old leaves collected in August have polyphenols with the same retention times, but more or less equal amounts as uninfested young leaves collected in May. This shows thatPsylla infestation causes the induced response mostly in young leaves.The induced leaf volatiles may act as synomones to heteropteran bugs. As shown elsewhere,Anthocoris nemoralis responds significantly to (E,E)--farnesene and methyl-salicylate when offered in pure form against clean air in a Y-tube olfactometer. The effect of polyphenols on the performance ofP. pyricola is not yet known. Hence, a role in direct defence is still to be investigated.     

不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。果园是我国重要的土地利用类型之一,果园面积占我国土地总面积的1.15%。因此,研究果园土壤有机碳库的演变规律,对于准确评估我国陆地生态系统的固碳潜力具有重要的科学意义。利用时空替代和物理、化学分组的方法比较研究不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响,旨为果园土壤固碳增汇机理研究提供科学依据。利用时空替代法和物理化学分组的方法比较研究经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响。结果表明：50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量分别比80年代柑橘果园提高了9.6%和23.60%、2.57%和3.63%,其中对0~20 cm土层的影响显著高于20~40 cm,说明果园经营干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响随着土层的加深而降低。50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量比80年代果园提高27.2%,可溶性有机碳提高20.1%,微生物生物量碳提高5.3%;50年代柑橘园0~100 cm土层有机碳储量比80年代柑橘园提高30.3%,但50年代柑橘园的土壤颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳占总有机碳的比率均低于80年代柑橘园,说明当种植年限超过30年后,随着种植年限增加,果园土壤有机碳质量存在退化的风险。     

EFFECTS OF INSECTICIDE USE IN A PINE SEED ORCHARD ON PESTICIDE LEVELS IN FISH1

ABSTRACT: A hydroelectric lake on the Oconee River in central Georgia was sampled on a quarterly basis for four years to determine the impact of three insecticides on the pesticide loading of fish. The insecticides carbofuran (2,3,-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methyl-carbamate), fenvalerate [cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4-chloro alpha (1-methylethyl)benzeneacetate], and azinphosmethyl [0,0-Dimethyl S-(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3-(4H)-ylmethyl phosphorodithioate] were used to control cone and seed insects on a pine seed orchard that is adjacent to Lake Oconee. Fish populations in areas of the lake that receive runoff from treated and untreated portions of the seed orchard were sampled using gill nets. Water and fish samples were collected monthly in 1981–1983 and quarterly in 1984. Species collected included carp (Cyprinus carpio), sucker (Catostomus spp., Erimyzon spp., Moxostoma spp., Minytrema spp.), bass (Micropterus spp.), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), spotted gar (Lepisosteus spp.), and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Few carbofuran residues (< 7 percent of fish samples contained detectable residues) and no azinphosmethyl or fenvalerate residues were detected despite measured inputs into the lake after insecticide application. Persistent agricultural insecticides including dieldrin, lindane, DDT, and toxaphene were detected in 32, 36, 58, and 83 percent of sampled fish, respectively. Screening for 20 other insecticides resulted in no detection of residues at a detection limit of 30–100 μg kg^-1.     

有机无机肥长期配施对果园土壤碳库及温室气体排放的影响

有机肥的施用可以提高土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量,在改善土壤质量,提升土壤肥力方面有重要意义.设4个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施有机肥（M）、单施化肥（NPK）和有机无机肥配施（MNPK）,研究长期有机无机配施下土壤有机碳和其活性组分含量变化,分析不同施肥措施对温室气体排放的影响,并评估了土壤碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明,与CK处理相比,MNPK处理的土壤总有机碳（TOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）含量分别增加了82.84%、66.30%、21.12%、93.28%和145.80%.NPK处理对土壤总有机碳和有机碳组分含量无显著差异.有机无机配施有利于提高土壤碳库活度指数（LI）、土壤碳库指数（CPI）和土壤碳库管理指数（CPMI）,LI和CPI的增加是CPMI增加的主要原因.相关分析表明土壤有机碳组分和CPMI与温室气体排放呈显著正相关关系;有机无机配施增加了CO₂累积排放量和增温潜势（GWP）,但却能够降低温室气体排放强度（GHGI）;MNPK处理产量最高,为56365 kg ·hm^-2,较CK处理（29073 kg ·hm^-2）提高了93.87%.因此,旱地苹果园有机无机肥配施,可促进有机碳的累积,稳定土壤碳库,更有利于果园的可持续发展.     

三峡库区柑橘园施肥量对土壤氮淋失及残留量的影响

本试验以三峡库区秭归县生态站所在流域内的柑橘园土壤作为研究对象,通过0～20、0～40、0～60 cm深度的原状土柱淋溶试验对不同施肥量对柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失及残留量的影响进行研究.试验中设置4种施肥处理,为不施肥处理(CK)、低氮施肥处理(T1:250 kg·hm~(-2))、中氮施肥处理(T2:500 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮施肥处理(T3:750 kg·hm~(-2)).结果表明:①柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失的主要形态为硝态氮(NO_3~--N),占总氮(TN)淋失量的36. 93%～60. 07%,铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的比例为4. 40%～5. 79%.土壤中NO_3~--N残留量占TN残留量的比例为11. 31‰～45. 66‰,NH_4~+-N残留量的比例为1. 05‰～2. 07‰;②相同深度的柑橘园土壤中,氮素的淋失量和残留量与施肥量呈显著正相关.不同施肥量下土壤中TN的淋失量和残留量分别为11. 35～30. 11 kg·hm~(-2)和0. 30～1. 86 g·kg~(-1).其中,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的淋失量占TN淋失量的比例在T2处理下达到峰值,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的残留量占TN残留量比例峰值分别出现在T1和T2处理;③相同施肥量下,土壤中氮素不同形态的淋失量和残留量受土壤深度影响的差异较大.施肥后,NO_3~--N淋失量和残留量的峰值分别出现在20cm和40 cm深度,NH_4~+-N淋失量和残留量的峰值主要出现在20 cm深度.从试验中的结果推论,0～40 cm土柱中的中氮处理更有利于肥料氮向无机态氮转化以供植物吸收并降低施肥后氮素淋失的风险.