菲胁迫下湿生植物美人蕉(Canna indica)对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)生长的影响

多环芳烃有机污染物的环境问题日益严重,亟待需求从群落及生态系统的角度进行毒理学复合危害效应的研究。本文采用以美人蕉(Canna indica)种植根区水培养斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的方式,观察菲胁迫下其生长的变化。结果表明,美人蕉种植根区水对斜生栅藻生长具有化感效应,且表现为"低促高抑"的现象。而在菲胁迫下,种植根区水比例为15%和30%时随着菲浓度的增加,生长促进作用增强,且在菲浓度为1 mg·L-1出现最高值;在100%种植根区水时随着菲浓度的增加生长抑制作用增强。说明,菲胁迫使美人蕉种植根区水对藻类的化感效应增强。进行逻辑斯谛生长拟合发现,30%、1 mg·L-1处理组种群内禀增长率最高,斜生栅藻种群出现暴发增长的生态风险最大。     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene on soil surfaces in the presence of nanometer anatase TiO2 under UV-light

The effect of nanometer anatase TiO₂ was investigated on the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene on soil surfaces under a variety of conditions. After being spiked with phenanthrene, soil samples loaded with different amounts of TiO₂ (0 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, 3 wt.%, and 4 wt.%) were exposed to UV-light irradiation for 25 hr. The results indicated that the photocatalytic degradation of phenanthrene followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. TiO₂ significantly accelerated the degradation of phenanthrene with the half-life reduced from 45.90 to 31.36 hr for TiO₂ loading of 0 wt.% and 4 wt.%, respectively. In addition, the effects of H₂O₂, light intensity and humic acid on the degradation of phenanthrene were investigated. The degradation of phenanthrene increased with the concentration of H₂O₂, light intensity and the concentration of humic acids. It has been demonstrated that the photocatalytic method in the presence of nanometer anatase TiO₂ was a very promising technology for the treatments of soil polluted with organic substances in the future.     

Phenanthrene sorption to environmental black carbon in sediments from the Song-Liao watershed (China)

Black carbon (BC) in ten contaminated sediments from the Song-Liao watershed, NE China, was isolated upon treatments using a combustion method at 375°C, and the isolates’ sorption isotherms for phenanthrene (Phen) were determined. All sorption isotherms were nonlinear and fitted well by the Freundlich model. A negative relation was found between Freundlich sorption nonlinearity parameter (n values) and BC/total organic carbon (TOC) content of the original sediments (r²=0.687, p<0.01), indicating the dominance of BC in Phen sorption nonlinearity. The BC isolates from this industrialized region had n values of 0.342 to 0.505 and logK_FOC values of 6.02 to 6.42(μg·kg⁻¹·OC⁻¹)/(μg·L⁻¹) ⁿ for Phen. At a given C_e, the BC had higher K_oc value than the original sediments, revealing a higher sorption capacity for BC. BC was responsible for 50.0% to 87.3% of the total sorption at C_e=0.05 S_w, clearly indicating the dominance of BC particles in overall sorption of Phen by sediments.     

电动力学作用下土壤中菲的迁移特征及其机理

研究了土壤中菲在均匀和非均匀电动力学下的迁移特征和机理,揭示了利用非均匀电动力学技术修复菲污染土壤的特性.结果表明,非均匀电动力学过程能够使土壤中的菲一定程度地向场强较大的电极区迁移,其迁移程度随运行时间增加而增大,但与非均匀电场的施加方式无关.非均匀电场对土壤中菲的迁移主要是以介电迁移方式进行的.     

非离子表面活性剂Tween20对菲生物降解的影响

以菲(PHE)为典型多环芳烃(PAHs),利用PAHs优势降解菌,研究了非离子表面活性剂Tween20(TW20)对PAHs类疏水性有机物生物降解过程的影响结果表明,TW20对PHE具有较好的增溶效果;TW20具有很好的生物降解性;不同浓度的TW20存在情况下,降解菌对PHE都有很好的去除效果.TW20可以用于PAHs污染的生物修复.     

分子结构在腐殖酸对菲吸附行为中的影响

用连续碱提取具有不同结构组成特征的腐殖酸级分,考察了分子结构在腐殖酸对菲吸附行为中的影响,结果表明：随着腐殖酸中元素碳、表观分子量以及脂肪碳含量的增加,腐殖酸对菲的吸附能力和吸附的非线性特征都呈增强趋势;相反,随着腐殖酸中元素氧和芳香碳含量的增加,腐殖酸对菲的吸附能力和吸附的非线性都逐渐减弱,这主要与结构中极性官能团所连位置有关．     

菲和铬(Ⅵ)单一及复合暴露对土壤微生物多样性的影响

有机物和重金属已成为我国土壤环境中常见的2类污染物质,二者间复合污染引起的土壤生态环境风险不容忽视。本研究以多环芳烃模式物菲和典型重金属铬(VI)作为受试物质,采用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术,探讨这2种污染物单一及复合暴露对土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,并选用主成分分析、聚类分析和戴斯系数3种算法对微生物群落相似性进行了比较。结果表明,在暴露实验第1天,菲单一暴露低浓度组中微生物群落相似性产生了极为明显的变化,而到第7天时,菲和铬(VI)单一暴露高浓度组均对微生物群落结构相似性产生最大程度的影响;采用香农指数法评价微生物群落的多样性,发现在暴露实验第7天,菲和铬(VI)单一暴露高浓度组对微生物群落多样性的影响比复合暴露高浓度组更强,二者复合暴露的相互作用方式表现为拮抗效应。本研究证明低浓度菲短期暴露的效应高于高浓度暴露结果,因而多环芳烃菲自身及其在复合暴露中所扮演的角色尤其值得关注。     

Biodegradation of anthracene and phenanthrene by bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated soil of Bangladesh

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants entering into the environment through natural and anthropogenic activities. Owing to their toxicity to various life forms including humans, detoxification of PAHs is crucial to reduce their effects on cells. In this study, we have isolated two bacteria capable of degrading two common PAHs, anthracene and phenanthrene, from contaminated soil samples by using selective enrichment culture supplemented with test PAHs as the sole source of carbon and energy. The isolated bacteria were identified and affiliated as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain KD and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strain RC based on their 16s rRNA gene sequences. The degradation of anthracene and phenanthrene was estimated indirectly by measuring the decolourisation extent of a redox indicator, 2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol, incorporated into PAH-supplemented mineral salt media. In the case of anthracene, ≥90% decolourisation was recorded at 20 and 48 days for P. aeruginosa and S. Maltophilia, respectively. On the other hand, ≥94% decolourisation was recorded at 56 and 52 days for P. aeruginosa and S. maltophilia, respectively during the utilisation of phenanthrene.     

小麦细胞色素P450作为土壤污染生物标记物的研究

以小麦(Triticum acstivnm)为供试植物,建立了小麦细胞色素P450含量的测定方法.在此基础上,以草甸棕壤为供试土壤,菲为外源污染物,进行了菲污染暴露与P450含量的污染诱导量-效关系研究.比较了P450含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性对污染诱导的敏感性.结果表明,当土壤菲浓度在1-8mg· kg-1范围内,P450总量分别为对照组的1.78,2.51,2.48和2.17倍,表现为诱导刺激效应,且P450含量与菲含量之间存在明显的剂量-效应关系(P=0.00).而同样浓度范围内,SOD活性变化与对照相比均无显著差异(P=0.168).     

微生物对土壤和沉积物吸附多环芳烃动力学的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附菲和苯并[a]芘(BaP)吸附动力学的影响.结果表明:枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与BaP都可进行生物降解,对菲的利用率明显要大于BaP;接种微生物的土壤与沉积物对菲和BaP的吸附动力曲线与仅有微生物吸附的结果相近似,表明多环芳烃的降低主要是由于微生物的利用造成的;接种微生物后沉积物与土壤对菲的吸附量明显增大,而对BaP的吸附却降低.