黑碳制备的不同热解温度对其吸附菲的影响

在300～700℃热解小麦秸秆24h,提取制备黑碳.测定了黑碳化学组成和BET比表面积,研究了菲在黑碳上的吸附与解吸,测定了菲在黑碳上的最大不可逆吸附量.结果表明,随热解温度升高,黑碳比表面积增大,芳构化程度加深,表面疏水性增强;相应地,黑碳对菲的吸附容量和最大不可逆吸附量增大,吸附与解吸非线性程度和解吸迟滞也变得更显著;Freundlich吸附等温式能较好描述菲在黑碳上的吸附与解吸.     

粉末活性炭粒径对水中菲吸附动力学的影响效应研究

以菲为目标污染物,研究了粉末活性炭(PAC)在微尺度(1～ 100.Μm)下的粒径效应对多环芳烃吸附性能的影响.实验中按照中值粒径将研磨后得到的粉末活性炭划分为:PAC-1 (19 μm)、PAC-2(46μm)、PAC-3(76 μm).通过比表面积及孔隙度自动分析仪、原位拉曼光谱、扫描电镜等手段对PAC物化性质进行表征,发现粒径减小使PAC的BET比表面积和总孔容增加了10％ ～20％左右,而对PAC表面化学性质的影响较小.PAC的粒径分布对其吸附性能有显著影响,这种影响主要体现为吸附速率成倍的增加,其次是吸附容量有30％ ～36％的增幅.分别用3种动力学模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明,伪二级动力学方程的拟合程度最高,PAC-1有最大的吸附速率常数k,并且随着粒径的减小,k值逐渐增大.     

金属离子对蒽、菲、芘生物降解过程的影响

对驯化筛选的多环芳烃(PAHs)高效降解菌CN4与CN2进行了深入研究,澄清了金属离子对其降解多环芳烃的作用,得出结论:对于CN2、CN4降解菌,Mn2+与常量Ca2+、Mg2+同时存在于降解体系中时,对蒽和菲降解起到明显促进作用。Cu2+和常量元素Ca2+、Mg2+混合对菲降解也起到促进作用,但没有Mn2+的促进作用明显。不加任何常量和微量金属元素离子的体系对蒽、菲、芘的降解作用仅次于含Mn2+的降解体系,加入Cu2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe3+、Zn2+对CN2降解蒽、芘产生抑制作用,加入Ca2+、Mg2+、Fe2+、Zn2+对CN2降解菲产生促进作用。Mn2+主要是在降解过程中发挥作用的,外加不同浓度的Mn2+制备的菌悬液,对芘的降解作用基本没有差别。在制备菌悬液时加入Mn2+,菌体对Mn2+有富集作用,但Mn2+的存在与否并不影响菌体的生长繁殖状况。降解体系中加入Mn2+能够有效促进降解过程的进行,加入0.5 mmol/L的Mn2+对CN4菌株降解芘的促进作用最大,而在降解体系中一次性加入5.0 mmol/L的Mn2+则会对降解产生抑制作用。     

菲在渤海湾入海河流与河口沉积物上的吸附-解吸行为

采用批量实验方法,研究了菲(Phe)在渤海湾入海河流与河口沉积物上的吸附-解吸过程,以及吸附参数与沉积物有机质性质之间的相关关系.结果表明,Phe在所有沉积物上的吸附和解吸等温线均能由线性分配模型和Freundlich模型很好地拟合.其中,线性分配系数KD值变化在58～743L·kg-1之间,与TOC、TN、DOC、Phe、C/N和DOC/TOC之间呈现显著正相关关系.Freundlich吸附能力参数KF和KFOC值分别在75～367μg1-N·kg-1·LN和2253～34743μg1-N·kg-1·LN之间,均与DOC/TOC呈现显著负相关关系,而与其它有机质参数之间相关性不显著.相比较而言,大多数沉积物的解吸等温线用Freundlich模型拟合的效果更好,并且具有明显的解吸滞后现象.有机质的含量和性质均是影响Phe在沉积物上吸附-解吸的重要因素.对于频繁受到人类活动影响的河流沉积物,溶解性有机质的影响就更为重要.     

Influence of nonionic surfactant on the solubilization and biodegradation of phenanthrene

Phenanthrene was solubilized in two different nonionic surfactants, Tween80 and Triton X-100. The bioavailability of phenanthrane to the bacteria isolated from the petroleum contaminated soils was studied based on the rotary flasks experiments. The results showed that the concentration of nonionic surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) can increase the solubility of phenanthrene in water andwere innoxious to the phenanthrene-degrading bacteria; phenanthrene solubilized in the micelles of Tween80 was bioavailable and biodegradable. The research demonstrated the potential of surfactant-enhanced bioremediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic comoounds( HOCs).     

三株菲降解细菌的分离、鉴定及降解特性的研究

从石油污染土壤中分离纯化到 3株能以菲为唯一碳源和能源生长的革兰氏阴性杆菌、好氧、不形成芽孢、端生或侧生单根鞭毛 ,分别命名为菌株ZX4、ZX6和EVA17.据部分片段长度的 16SrDNA序列比对分析和生理生化试验结果 ,确认此 3株菌均为鞘氨醇单胞菌属 (Sphingomonas)细菌 ,菌株ZX4为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌 (S .paucimobilis) ,菌株ZX6为溶芳烃鞘氨醇单胞菌 (S .aromaticivorans) ,菌株EVA17尚不能确定 .分析了各菌株在系统发育中的分类地位 .菌株ZX4在 14d内对含量为 10 0 0mg·L-1的菲降解率可达 98 74%.不同底物实验结果表明 ,菌株EVA17可能同时拥有两条菲降解途径 .     

非离子型表面活性剂吐温80增溶条件下菲的生物降解

本实验的目的是研究非离子型表面活性剂吐温 80 (Tween 80 )对菲的溶解及生物降解过程的影响。结果表明 ,通过吐温 80促溶 ,菲在水中的溶解度有明显的提高。在与菲共同降解的过程中 ,吐温 80亦能作为碳源被降解微生物利用。但是 ,高浓度的吐温 80对菲的降解有一定的抑制作用 ,同时在菲的降解完成后造成较高的残留表面活性剂量和微生物量     

Studies in the Biodegradation of 5 PAHs (Phenanthrene,Pyrene, Fluoranthene,Chrysene und Benzo(a)pyrene) in the Presence of Rooted Poplar Cuttings

Cuttings of Populus nigra L. cv. Loenen were cultivated in sand treated with one of the following PAHs: phenanthrene (Phen), fluoranthene (Flt), pyrene (Pyr), chrysene (Chr) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The PAHs were applied at varying levels of concentration to each test series. After 6 weeks the concentration and the distribution of the PAHs in the substrate of the various sets of tests were compared with the concentration in the substrate of the control. Additionally the substrate and the plant roots were tested for evidence of degradation products of PAHs. The results revealed that the levels of concentration of Phen and Pyr detected in the substrate surrounding the roots was in some cases significantly lower than in the corresponding section of substrate in the unplanted set (= control). This phenomenon did not occur for Flt and BaP and in the case of Chr only in those substrates, which had been treated with the highest levels of concentration. As the presence of lesser amounts of Phen and Pyr in the plant pots cannot only be attributed to their accumulation and metabolism in the roots, it is fair to assume that the chemical transformation of these three PAHs took place outside the roots. The set of tests treated with Phen revealed the presence of 2- or 3-hydroxy-Phen (main components), a hydroxy-methoxy-Phen, 9,10-Phenanthrenequinone and one unidentified compound in metabolite form. Altogether eleven metabolites of Pyr were identified in the root extracts, which can be divided into three groups: 1-Hydroxy-Pyr and derivatives, dihydroxy-Pyr and derivatives and ring fission products (4-Hydroxy-Pyr and a derivative of the 4-Phen-carbonic acid). However, the metabolite mass detected for Phen and Pyr represents only an insignificant percentage in comparison with the lesser amounts of PAHs observed in the planted set of tests. This indicates that the three PAHs were reduced to lower molecular compounds, which are methodically impossible to record, and subsequently translocated to other parts of the plant and integrated into the biomass. Although no lesser amount for Flt and BaP was found in the plant pots, 1-Hydroxy-Flt, an unidentified compound of Flt and 1-Methoxy-BaP were detected. These are presumably end products which were enhanced in the roots. It was not possible to identify any transformation products of Chr. It can be assumed that the majority of metabolites were not synthesised in the roots but are a result of microbial degradation in the rhizosphere. The test plants improved the conditions for the biotransformation of Phen and Pyr significantly and accumulated Flt, Pyr, Chr and BaP in their roots. It can therefore be concluded that the use of plants in the bioremediation of contaminated soils is a promising option.     

Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by fungal isolates from an oil contaminated refinery soil

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Indigenous soil microorganisms are used for the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in oily waste residues from the petroleum refining industry. The objective of this investigation was to determine the potential of indigenous strains of fungi in soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons to biodegrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty one fungal strains were isolated from a soil used for land-farming of oily waste residues from the petrochemical refining industry in Singapore and identified to genus level using laboratory culture and morphological techniques. Isolates were incubated in the presence of 30 mg/L of phenanthrene over a period of 28 days at 30 degrees C. The most effective strain was further evaluated to determine its ability to oxidise a wider range of PAH compounds of various molecular weight i.e acenaphthene, fluorene, fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(ah)anthracene RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: After 28 days of incubation, 18 of the 21 fungal cultures were capable of oxidising over 50% of the phenanthrene present in culture medium, relative to abiotic controls. Fungal isolate, Penicillium sp. 06, was able to oxidise 89% of the phenanthrene present. This isolate could also oxidise more than 75% of the acenaphthene, fluorene and fluoranthene after 30 days of incubation. However, the oxidation of high molecular weight PAH i.e. chrysene, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(ah)anthracene by the Penicillium sp. 06 isolate was limited, where the extent of oxidation was inversely proportional to PAH molecular weight. CONCLUSIONS: Fungal isolate, Penicillium sp. 06, was effective at oxidising a range of PAH in petroleum contaminated soils, but higher molecular weight PAH were more recalcitrant. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: There is potential for the re-application of this fungal strain to soil for bioremediation purposes.     

荧光猝灭法测定菲、苊、芘与腐殖酸的结合常数

用荧光猝灭法测定了胡敏酸（Fluka）与苊、菲和芘相互作用的结合常数（KDOC），其lgKDOC值分别为4．4，4．48和4．89．用同样方法测得长江水生FA以及黑龙江水生FA和HA的KDOC之间有显著差别．HA的KDODC一般高于FA．黑龙江水生FA的KDOC高于长江．对同一来源的腐殖酸，三种多环芳烃的KDOC与KOW呈线性相关．