Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty-fruit bunches： Application to environmental problems

Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches （EFB） were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process, Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800℃and physical activation at 150℃ （boiling treatment） were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control （untreated EFB） was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800℃ showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800℃. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH （2-3） and higher value of initial concentration of phenol （200-300 mg/L）. The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price （USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon） compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.     

酚类化合物雌激素效应的比较研究

采用重组人雌激素受体基因片段(hER)及共激活因子(GRIP1)双杂交酵母检测体系,检测9种酚类物质的类雌激素和抗雌激素效应.结果表明,所检测的化合物中有3种同时表现出雌激素诱导与抑制活性;2种只表现出雌激素诱导活性;1种只表现出雌激素抑制活性;3种均没有雌激素诱导与抑制活性.结构分析表明:酚类中产生雌激素活性的物质具有取代基位于对位且邻位没有大的取代基团的结构;烷基在对位的酚类物质也能显示出雌激素拮抗活性.所采用的双杂交酵母检测体系适用于外源物质的雌激素活性检测,具有较高的灵敏度;结合外源物的雌激素诱导与抑制活性,用于分析污染物的体内作用方式.     

对羟基苯甲酸对2种赤潮微藻生长的影响

通过测定藻细胞密度和细胞体积,观察藻细胞形态,分析藻细胞内硝酸还原酶(NR)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标的变化,研究了对羟基苯甲酸对2种赤潮微藻-米氏凯伦藻和塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响。结果表明,浓度1.6mmol/L时,对羟基苯甲酸能明显地抑制这两种微藻的生长。同时发现,添加对羟基苯甲酸的藻细胞运动能力降低,藻细胞体积减小,并出现空洞、破碎以及部分抱团现象。进一步研究发现,对羟基苯甲酸明显降低了塔玛亚历山大藻NR和SOD活性,但对POD活性无明显影响;其低浓度时能增大米氏凯伦藻NR、POD和SOD活性,高浓度时则明显降低此三种酶的活性;它显著提高了两种微藻细胞内的MDA含量。     

曝气生物流化床处理高浓度含酚废水

采用曝气生物流化床(ABFT)工艺处理自配及实际高浓度炼油含酚废水,在进水ρ(总酚)为200～4 900 mg/L时,总酚去除率可达99%以上;苯酚的去除主要发生在曝气生物流化床的第1池,其他反应池可进一步保证出水水质的稳定性,从而使该工艺具有很强的耐冲击负荷能力;曝气生物流化床第1池在苯酚负荷为4.80～7.84 kg/(m3·d)的条件下,苯酚去除率可达70%以上;曝气生物流化床内生物量以附着生长生物膜为主,丝状菌在生物膜中占有重要地位.对自配和实际废水,ABFT均在高苯酚负荷下实现了污染物的稳定去除.      

含酚废水的无害化处理技术进展

概述了含酚废水的无害化处理技术现状及其进展。着重介绍了传统生物处理工艺的改良、高效菌种的选育、酶及固定化细胞等技术在含酚废水生物处理中的研究与应用 ,分析了先进氧化技术与焚烧技术的特点和存在的主要问题及应用前景 ,并探讨了含酚废水无害化处理技术的发展趋势     

好氧颗粒污泥对膜生物反应器污泥性能的影响

采用膜生物反应器进行含酚废水的处理,探讨投加好氧颗粒污泥对反应器中污泥性能的影响。结果表明,在膜生物反应器中投加好氧颗粒污泥能有效改善污泥性能,提高处理效果。从采用絮状污泥到逐渐增加好氧颗粒污泥投加量为100%的过程中,反应器中污泥浓度明显提高,MLSS由5 582 mg/L增加到8 168 mg/L;沉降性能得到改善,SVI由135.85 mL/g下降到29.36 mL/g;疏水性增强,Zeta电位由-20.302 mV升高到-4.325 mV;对含酚废水中COD、NH3-N的降解能力明显提高,COD、NH3-N、NO3-N去除率分别由87.3%、83.2%、55.3%增加到99.2%、94.9%、66.3%。改善了膜污染现象,膜通量衰减率由63.3%降低到42.8%。用二元多项式三维回归分析,得到污染物去除率关于好氧颗粒污泥投加量和反应器运行时间的二元方程,对指导好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器的连续运行具有重要意义。     

多氨基树脂的制备表征及其对水中酚类化合物的吸附机制

通过沉淀聚合法制备了三交联型的聚马来酸酐树脂(Polymaleic anhydride resin,PMAR),然后氨化接枝得到系列衍生的多氨基树脂,并采用红外光谱(FTIR)、Zeta电位、元素分析、扫描电镜(SEM)和N₂吸附/解吸(BET)等手段对其进行了表征.对系列多氨基树脂的吸附性能进行比较发现,该系列树脂对4-硝基苯酚(4-NP)的吸附能力随氨基数量的增加而增加,其中以氨基数最多的四亚甲基五胺修饰的聚马来酸酐树脂PMAR-VA吸附性能最好.在各种酚类化合物中,PMAR-VA树脂对4-NP具有较高的选择性.同时,研究了树脂投加量、溶液pH、离子强度等因素对水中4-N吸附性能的影响,并对吸附过程进行了吸附动力学模拟,发现吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以很好地描述PMAR-VA对溶液中4-NP的吸附过程,最大吸附量为77.1 mg·g^-1(pH=6.0和25 ℃).吸附热力学结果表明,4-NP在PMAR-VA上的吸附是一个自发的物理吸附过程,其吸附机制主要为静电吸引和氢键.脱附再生实验发现,0.2 mol·L^-1 NaOH溶液脱附效果最优.经5次循环再生使用,PMAR-VA树脂的吸附性能没有明显下降.     

癸二酸生产中单钠盐溶液的脱色及萃取—吸附法处理含酚废水

癸二酸生产中以活性炭对癸二酸单钠盐溶液脱色时,产品收率低、生产成本高。本文采用以凹凸棒石粘土为基体的新型吸附剂对癸二酸单钠盐溶液进行脱色。结果表明,在脱色剂用量为2％、脱色温度90℃、脱色时间30min条件下,脱色率为85.3％、产品产率为92.0％,且该吸附剂价廉易得,经蒸汽再生后可反复使用,可用于癸二酸单钠盐溶液的脱色。同时提出了用萃取—吸附法处理癸二酸生产中含酚废水的工艺流程,萃取相（含酚）无需反萃可直接回用于原生产中,该法具有明显的经济效益与环境效益。     

湿式空气非均相催化氧化处理有机废水中难降解有机物的研究

湿式空气催化氧化是曩为经济的环境友好型高级氧化技术之一,在处理有机废水中难降解有机物方面极具前景.为提高氧化效率,钌（Ru）、铑（Rh）、铂（Pt）、钯（Pd）等贵金属及铜（Cu）、铈（Ce）、锰（Mn）、铁（Fe）、镍（Ni）、铝（Al）、铬（Cr）及钴（Co）等金属氧化物等常作为非均相催化剂应用到湿式空气催化氧化体系中.本文对非均相催化湿式空气氧化处理有机废水中难降解有机物的非均相催化剂、工艺条件及反应机理进行了探讨,最后指出了催化剂的失效、解决方法及技术发展方向.     

Mesopolymer modified with palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate as a versatile photocatalyst for phenol and bisphenol A degradation under visible light irradiation

A novel versatile photocatalyst, FDU-PdPcS, was prepared by immobilizing palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate (PdPcS) onto the FDU-15 mesopolymer via multi-step chemical modification processes involving chloromethylation of the FDU-15 mesopolymer first with chloromethyl methyl ether, a subsequent amination reaction with ethylenediamine, and finally modification with palladium phthalocyaninesulfonate via ionic interaction. The obtained FDU-PdPcS photocatalyst was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrosopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques. This photocatalyst not only affords a high dispersion of monomeric PdPcS molecules, which may further be stabilized by the π-electron of benzene rings of FDU-15, but also provides a number of diamino groups inside the mesopores, which could be advantageous for the photodegradation of phenolic pollutants. In photodegradation studies of phenolic pollutants, the FDU-PdPcS catalyst exhibited excellent visible light photocatalytic activity and reusability. The photodegradation products of phenol and bisphenol A were investigated by the gas chromatoghraphy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The results showed that the photodegradation products were composed of carboxylic acids and CO2. Isopropanol, sodium azide and benzoquinone were used as hydroxyl radical (OH.), singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical (O2.-) scavengers, respectively. The results suggested that 1O2 and O2. were the prominent active species during the photodegradation process. A possible mechanism for the photodegradation of phenol was also discussed.