Crystallization behavior of predominantly syndiotactic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)

Predominantly syndiotactic poly(-hydroxybutyrate), syn-PHB, of variable syndioregularity (syndyad fractions 0.59, 0.62, 0.64, and 0.71) and molecular weight was prepared by the dibutyltin dimethoxide catalyzed ring opening of racemic-butyrolactone (BL). The crystallization behavior of the syn-PHB polymers was investigated by DSC and X-ray diffraction analyses. DSC of films after melting and annealing showed at least one, and often two distinct melting transitions occuring over a broad (often 40°C) temperature range. These results indicate that syn-PHB chain segments of variable syndioregularity form crystalline regions with very different thermodynamic stabilities. Maximum degrees of crystallinity for melt annealed 0.64- and 0.71-syn-PHB was observed at an annealing temperature (T _c ) of 30°C. AtT _c values at 45°C and higher, crystallization of relatively lower syndioregular chain segments was apparently excluded to variable degrees dependent onT _c and sample syndiotactic dyad content. After crystallization of syn-PHB samples at elevated temperatures, ambient temperature annealing resulted in an observed lower temperature melting transition at 50°C. This result showed little to no dependence on syn-PHB syndio-regularity andT _c . Both solution precipitated 0.62-syn-PHB and 0.71-syn-PHB have WAXS patterns with poorly resolved crystalline reflections superimposed on amorphous haloes indicating low levels of crystallinity (17% and 25%, respectively) and poorly formed crystals. Isothermal crystallization monitored by DSC showed that the syn- and natural origin PHB showed fastest crystallization rates at temperatures between 50°C and 70°C and 60°C and 90°C, respectively. From the dependence of the higher melting transition onT _c it was determined that the equilibrium melting temperatures for 0.62-syn-PHB (M _n =83,700 g/mol) and a 0.64-syn-PHB (M _n =11,900 g/mol) were 157 and 154°C, respectively. An Avrami analysis of syn-PHB yielded results similar to that found for natural origin PHB indicating that crystal growth occurs by a two-dimensional mechanism.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

镁渣配料煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料的研究

研究了镁渣矿物组成和镁渣配料煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料的反应动力在数和物理性能。结果表明：镁渣的主要矿物组成为γ－Ｃ２Ｓ、β－Ｃ２Ｓ、ＭｇＯ、ＣＦ、Ｃ２Ｆ、ＦｅＯ、ＣａＦ２等，并且镁渣可降低熟料形成反应表观活化能，加速熟料矿物的形成，提高熟料的强度。     

Assessment of labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics in relation to soil properties of West African savanna soils

A large proportion of total P in the soils of the area is unavailable to plants and consequently P is the second most limiting nutrient. The labile and moderately labile phosphorus fractions and adsorption characteristics of surface and subsurface horizons of eleven soil profiles in the derived savanna (DS) and the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) of West Africa were assessed. The labile P fractions are the resin and HCO₃-extractable inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) P. The moderately labile fractions are the NaOH-extractable portion of soil P in the Hedley sequential procedure. In the DS soils, the resin P, considered the most readily available fraction, varied from 1 to 14 mg kg⁻¹, HCO₃-Pi ranged from 3.3 to 11, and HCO₃-PO was between 4 and 12 mg kg⁻¹ in the surface horizon. In the NGS, the topsoil contained 1.5–3 mg kg⁻¹ of resin P, 5–8 mg kg⁻¹ of HCO₃-Pi, and 7.5–9.7 mg kg⁻¹ of HCO₃-Po. Sodium hydroxide-Po was the largest of the fractions in all the soils studied. It ranged from 23 to 55 mg kg⁻¹ in the topsoil. In general, the labile P levels were higher in soils of the DS than of the NGS and were related to the oxalate-extractable Fe (Fe_ox), and Al (Al_ox) as well as to soil texture. The subsoil of Kasuwan Magani (profile KS 9–21 cm) required 153 mg P kg⁻¹ to maintain 0.2 mg P l⁻¹ in solution (standard P requirement), and Danayamaka (profile DD 7–32 cm) required 145 mg P kg⁻¹. These could translate to 214 and 200 kg P ha⁻¹ if a plow layer of 10 cm is assumed. Because these are within the plow layer, more P fertilizer would be needed for crop production than in the other soils. The standard P requirement and the adsorption maxima were related to Fe_ox and Al_ox, dithionite-Fe (Fe_d), and texture. The increase in labile P content with decreasing Fe_ox and Al_ox could imply that management practices capable of reducing the activities of Fe and Al in solution might improve P availability.     

苏州河氨化菌分布及生理生化研究

对苏州河氨化菌进行了生态调查,并对其进行了生理生化分析。研究结果表明,苏州河水体中氨化菌数量普遍较高,上游至下游氨化菌数量逐步增多。赵屯至北新泾5个断面之间的差异很小,均在104个/mL左右,浙江路桥和武宁路桥的氨化菌数量要比上游的5个断面高出1个数量级。苏州河下游武宁路桥和浙江路桥断面水体中全年氨化菌数量季节变化较大。氯化菌的数量与水体中总氮和氨氮成正比,与硝酸盐成反比。     

江西九连山常绿阔叶林下土壤的物理性质、水分状况及水源涵养能力的初步研究

我们在江西省九连山自然保护区对山地常绿阔叶林下的土壤进行了土壤物理性质和土壤水分季节动态的测定(一年连续),并据此对其水源涵养能力进行了初步分析。这种土壤具有良好的物理性质,质地主要为壤质粘土和粘壤土,容重小(0.88—1.29),孔隙度大(51.7—65.4％),透水速度快(17.4—142.8ml/min),最大持水量高(占容积50.6—58.2％)。土壤排水良好,水分充足。水分含量一年中绝大部分时间在30％以上。变动范围:0—15cm土层,26—56％;15—30cm土层,26—45％;30—50cm土层,26—45％。我们用透水速度和最大持水量来分析其水源涵养能力,并与丘陵红壤进行比较。结果是:土壤的透水能力为丘陵红壤的3—5倍;贮水能力为丘陵红壤的138—145％;吸收雨水能力为丘陵红壤的219％。     

桉林-砖红壤水分性能特征研究

根据室内测定资料,对雷州半岛桉林地砖红壤水分性能进行了探讨。结果表明,与自然植被下的砂页岩赤红壤比较,浅海沉积物桉林-砖红壤导水性、持水能力及供水能力均较低。在同样的吸力下,土壤持水量较少,在同样的吸力段,土壤释放的水量较少;玄武岩桉林-砖红壤持水能力较高,但导水性和供水能力较低。通径分析结果表明,浅海沉积物桉林-砖红壤持水能力较低主要受粘粒较少影响,其水分的有效性较低主要与其有机质的较少有较大关系;玄武岩桉林-砖红壤持水能力较高而水分的有效性较低,主要受其粘粒含量较高、有机质含量较低的制约。     

尾矿砂颗粒表面特征与吸附作用的研究——Ⅰ.尾矿砂颗粒的表征

本文采用多种仪器和化学分析方法对酸性矿山废水污染河流中的细微尾矿砂颗粒的物理化学特性,如矿物组成、化学成份、粒径分布及比表面积等进行了表征。同时实验研究了尾矿砂颗粒表面特性,计算求解了颗粒表面双电层结构中的表面电荷密度σ_0,表面总吸附位N_s,pH_(zpc和pH_(lcp),最后,应用表面络合三层模式计算求取了尾矿砂颗粒表面固有常数K_(al)~(int),K_(a3)~(int)及表面络合稳定常数K_(Na)~(int)和K_(NO_3~-)~(int)     

我国自然保护区生态旅游资源价值实现方式研究

从我国自然保护区所面临的经费困难和开展生态旅游的现状入手 ,概述了生态旅游资源的价值评估法和加拿大国家公园使用者收费情况 ,并探讨了我国自然保护区生态旅游资源价值实现的若干方式     

森林降水化学的变化特征和机理

研究并比较了湖南酸雨区韶山小集水区林内降水的化学特征，结果表明，与大气降水相比，穿冠水和地表穿透水中的富集的离子浓度除了NO3^-和Na^ 外均明显增加，到达地表的降水离子增加倍数最高达34．3倍；离子总量最高倍数为8．1倍，乔木树冠层的离子富集作用大于灌木层。韶山的大气降水、穿冠水和地表穿透水的年均pH分别为4．61、5．54和5．85。持续大量的降水对森林上空的污染物有较高的清除效果。