Performance and Environmental Impact of Biodegradable Films in Agriculture: A Field Study on Protected Cultivation

The performance, the degradability in soil and the environmental impact of biodegradable starch-based soil mulching and low tunnel films were assessed by means of field and laboratory tests. The lifetime of the biodegradable mulches was 9 months and of the biodegradable low-tunnel films 6 months. The radiometric properties of the biodegradable films influenced positively the microclimate: air temperature under the biodegradable low tunnel films was 2 °C higher than under the low density polyethylene films, resulting in an up to 20% higher yield of strawberries. At the end of the cultivation period, the biodegradable mulches were broken up and buried in the field soil together with the plant residues. One year after burial, less than 4% of the initial weight of the biodegradable film was found in the soil. According to ecotoxicity tests, the kinetic luminescent bacteria test with Vibrio fischeri and the Enchytraeus albidus ISO/CD 16387 reproduction potential, there was no evidence of ecotoxicity in the soil during the biodegradation process. Furthermore, there was no change in the diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the soil determined on the basis of the appearance of amoA gene diversity in denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.     

Properties of Distillers Grains Composites: A Preliminary Investigation

Interest in renewable biofuel sources has intensified in recent years, leading to greatly increased production of ethanol and its primary coproduct, Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS). Consequently, the development of new outlets for DDGS has become crucial to maintaining the economic viability of the industry. In light of these developments, this preliminary study aimed to determine the suitability of DDGS for use as a biofiller in low-cost composites that could be produced by rapid prototyping applications. The effects of DDGS content, particle size, curing temperature, and compression on resulting properties, such as flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, water activity, and color were evaluated for two adhesive bases. The composites formed with phenolic resin glue were found to be greatly superior to glue in terms of mechanical strength and durability: resin-based composites had maximum fiber stresses of 150–380 kPa, while glue composites had values between 6 kPa and 35 kPa; additionally, glue composites experienced relatively rapid microbial growth. In the resin composites, both decreased particle size and increased compression resulted in increased mechanical strength, while a moderate DDGS content was found to increase flexural strength but decrease Young’s modulus. These results indicate that DDGS has the potential to be used in resin glue-based composites to both improve flexural strength and improve potential biodegradability.     

黄河下游典型湿地土壤养分及其生态化学计量特征

土壤中碳氮磷钾是植物生长发育所需的必要养分元素,其含量和生态化学计量比能够反映土壤质量与养分限制状况.选取黄河下游河南段的花园口黄河浮桥湿地为研究对象,运用方差分析、冗余分析和线性回归拟合等研究方法,分析黄河下游典型湿地土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、碱解氮（AN）、速效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）及其生态化学计量特征,明确土壤养分的限制性元素,揭示影响湿地土壤养分及其生态化学计量比的关键理化因子.结果表明,湿地土壤ω（SOC）、ω（TN）、ω（TP）、ω（TK）、ω（AN）、ω（AP）和ω（AK）的均值分别为： 5.46 g·kg^-1、0.60 g·kg^-1、0.28 g·kg^-1、17.06 g·kg^-1、13.75 mg·kg^-1、6.54 mg·kg^-1和158.56 mg·kg^-1,其空间分布呈现出从河岸向滩地波动增加的变化趋势,高植被盖度区普遍高于低植被盖度区,且土壤SOC、TN、TP和TK之间具有较强的相关性;土壤C/P、C/K、N/P和N/K呈现出和土壤养分一致的变化趋势,而C/N则相反;土壤SOC、TN、AN、N/P和N/K变异系数超过50.00%,其空间差异性较强;湿地土壤C/N均值为11.882,接近中国土壤均值,而C/P和N/P的均值分别为49.119和4.516,两者均低于中国土壤平均水平,并且土壤N/P远小于14,研究区土壤受N限制;土壤黏粒占比和电导率共同解释了土壤养分变异与其生态化学计量比变异的61.4%和43.9%,是影响花园口黄河浮桥湿地土壤养分和生态化学计量比的主要理化因子.研究结果有助于加深对黄河下游湿地土壤养分及其影响因素的认知,为黄河下游湿地生态修复与管理提供重要科学依据.     

高土石坝抗震性态分析与灾害对策研究

首先介绍了中国目前高土石坝建设现状,然后回顾了循环加荷动三轴测试技术、堆石料动力性质的研究、高土石坝动力反应分析方法和土石坝地震永久变形的研究进展,最后讨论了高土石坝抗震措施和土石坝地震安全评价及防灾对策专家系统的基本思路。     

Injection Molded Biocomposites from Soy Protein Based Bioplastic and Short Industrial Hemp Fiber

Biocomposites from soy based bioplastic and chopped industrial hemp fiber were fabricated using twin-screw extrusion and injection molding process. Soy based bioplastics were prepared through cooking with plasticizer and blending with biodegradable poly(ester amide). Mechanical, thermal properties and fracture surface morphology of the “green”/biocomposites were evaluated with universal testing system (UTS), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). It was found that the tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, impact strength and heat deflection temperature of industrial hemp fiber reinforced biocomposites significantly improved. The fracture surfaces showed no signs of matrix on the fiber surface suggesting poor interfacial adhesion.     

建筑物走廊型通道中火灾烟气流动特性的研究

应用网络模型方法,将建筑物走廊型通道合理地划分为多个节点,在火源为10kg木材的情况下,利用已开发成功的烟流性状预测软件对四川消防科研所的一座实体建筑物进行了模拟计算,获得了各节点烟流性状的发展变化规律。经比较,模型计算结果与实验数据十分符合。证明走廊型通道的多节点划分方法正确、预测软件实用可靠。根据烟气侵入走道中两节点的时间差及两节点间距,提出了烟气弥漫速度的计算方法。该算法与实测结果间的相对误差小于3%,实例应用及研究的成果,为建筑物火灾时安全疏散动态模拟研究提供了理论依据。     

广东鹤山酸雨地区针叶林与阔叶林降水化学特征

研究并比较了广东酸雨地区鹤山丘陵综合实验站区内不同类型森林降水的化学特征.结果表明,和大气降水相比,针阔叶林林内降水除NO3外其它离子含量都明显增加,马尾松针叶林冠层穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为34倍和12倍,阔叶林穿透雨和树干径流中离子含量增加倍数最高分别为8倍和10倍,针叶林降水比阔叶林降水离子富集程度较为显著．林内降水中马尾松针叶林树干径流离子总含量小于穿透雨离子总含量,阔叶林穿透雨离子总含量小于树干径流离子总含量.不同阔叶林型林内降水中离子含量是不同的.针叶林林内降水有进一步酸化趋势.林内降水离子富集导致森林冠层正负电荷数不平衡,营养离子大量淋失,使林冠层养分亏损．     

Thermal and Rheological Properties of Commercial-Grade Poly(Lactic Acid)s

Poly(lactic acid) is the subject of considerable commercial development by a variety of organizations around the world. In this work, the thermal and rheological properties of two commercial-grade poly(lactic acid)s (PLAs) are investigated. A comparison of the commercial samples to a series of well-defined linear and star architecture PLAs provides considerable insight into their flow properties. Such insights are valuable in deciding processing strategies for these newly emerging, commercially significant, biodegradable plastics. Both a branched and linear grade of PLA are investigated. The crystallization kinetics of the branched polymer are inferred to be faster than the linear analog. Longer relaxation times in the terminal region for the branched material compared to the linear material manifests itself as a higher zero shear rate viscosity. However, the branched material shear thins more strongly, resulting in a lower value of viscosity at high shear rates. Comparison of the linear viscoelastic spectra of the branched material with the spectra for star PLAs suggests that the branched architecture is characterized by a span molecular weight of approximately 63,000 g/mol. The present study conclusively demonstrates that a wide spectrum of flow properties are available through simple architectural modification of PLA, thus allowing the utilization of this important degradable thermoplastic in a variety of processing operations.     

Regional differences of column-related aerosol parameters in Germany

With the development of satellite experiments supplementary and validating ground-based measurements are gaining growing importance for the inference and evaluation of radiation-related aerosol parameters. Both kinds of measurements have been conducted and interpreted mainly under globally or locally restricted aspects for a limited time period only. Results are presented from four rural regions (coastal zone, lowlands, highlands, high mountain); they are column-related aerosol parameters, deduced from monitoring programs of spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) as well as almucantar sky irradiance measurements. After 13 years of continuous measurements of trends and variations in aerosol optical depths, these results are based on 5 years of data collection (1994–1998). There are significant differences among the parameters of the four regions when related to the inversion method of the AOD spectra. A clear interdependence was found between all column-related parameters and the real part of the refractive index, which in turn depends on the chosen retrieval method. The differences among the four regions are characterized mainly by their different altitudes, with relative humidity being responsible for their internal variation. An increase in the relative humidity from 35 to 55–60% influences the most interesting parameters such as refractive index (real part), hemispheric backscattered fraction b, and direct radiative forcing ΔF as follows: The real part of the refractive index decreases from 1.6±0.05 to 1.42±0.04, b decreases by 8–10%, and, due to the increase in AOD, ΔF increases by about 20% in the spectral region 0.4–1.0 μm. The quantities of the parameters depend on the retrieval methods too.     

铝塑包装废物的热解特性研究

利用热重-差热-傅立叶变换红外光谱联用仪对铝塑包装废物热解特性进行分析,并对物料性质、纸质存在对热解过程的影响进行研究. 结果表明:铝塑包装废物热解主要发生于438～500 ℃,最大失重速率出现在470～475 ℃;产物中主要是—C—C—以及少量的—CC—与芳香烃;反应温度由50 ℃升至850 ℃,铝塑包装废物依次经历聚乙烯熔融软化、热解,铝熔融,铝与焦状物反应等过程;铝塑包装废物中含纸质时,在312.4～363.2 ℃增加了一个失重过程,同时高温时的热解反应更为复杂.