不同土地利用方式对赤红壤理化性质的综合影响

通过比较不同土地利用方式下赤红壤pH值、粘粒、容重、孔隙度、有机碳、氮磷钾全量及其速效养分含量的差异,并运用主成分分析方法分析各变量的相互关系、土壤综合理化特征及其关键改良因子。研究结果表明：新垦旱地容重最高,粘粒含量和孔隙度最低;有机碳、全量氮磷钾养分和速效氮磷养分含量均处于较低水平（P<0.05）。果园土容重显著低于其他土地利用方式土壤,且全氮、碱解氮和速效磷钾水平均处于较高水平（P<0.05）。桉树林的全钾和速效钾含量显著高于灌木林,而粘粒含量和速效磷含量相对较低（P<0.05）。主成分分析结果显示：新垦旱地、果园和桉树林、灌木林土壤理化综合质量差异显著（P<0.05）,其中新垦旱地当前质量相对较差。有机碳、全氮和速效氮养分缺乏是当前新垦旱地土壤理化质量较差的主要原因。较少的速效磷钾养分含量是当前桉树林地、灌木林土壤质量的限制因素。主成分分析不仅能够区分不同土地利用方式下赤红壤理化质量差异,而且也是探查改良土壤质量因子的有效方法。     

福州市公园灰尘磁学特征及其环境意义

以福州市公园灰尘为研究对象,对其进行了磁学参数特征研究,结果表明,福州市公园灰尘χ、χfd%、SIRM、S-ratio、SIRM/χ平均值分别为269.80×10-8m3/kg、0.73、6175.07×10-5(A?m2)/kg、0.91、30.82A/m.综合分析发现,福州市公园灰尘磁性矿物含量较高,部分样品的主要磁性矿物为铁磁性矿物,部分样品为反铁磁性矿物,且Day图反映了其磁性矿物粒径主要以单畴(SD)和假单畴(PSD)为主,这些均受控于交通、城市建设等人类活动的干扰、由西向东倾斜的地形条件和夏季台风的滞留效应的影响;福州市二环内外受不同的城市化过程中人类活动、土地利用格局、季风等影响,其磁学参数特征所表征的环境意义不同;福州市公园灰尘磁学特征(χ、χfd%、IRM及其组合参数、磁滞回线)可以作为福州市城市污染物监测的一种重要的替代指标.     

Evaluation of the performance of rural wastewater treatment plants using chemical measurements in combination with statistical techniques: a case study

The performance of a wastewater treatment plant was assessed statistically using multivariate cluster and principle component analysis. This was after measuring some physico-chemical properties in the influent, effluent, downstream, and upstream waters over a 4-month period. The cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites into three clusters: relatively non-polluted (upstream), medium polluted (downstream), and polluted (influent and effluent). The polluted water was further subdivided into very highly (influent) and highly (effluent) polluted. The grouping of influent and effluent into one cluster was due to some water quality parameters such as amount of copper, lead, and phosphates that are not efficiently removed by the plant. Using principal component analysis, samples from the same site taken over a period of 4 months were scattered, indicating inconsistencies in the performance of the plant. This was more pronounced during the rainy season, suggesting that increased water volumes from open sewers make the already poorly performing plant worse. The major loading factors found by principle component analysis were phosphate, lead, iron, zinc, copper, pH, and conductivity. Generally, the wastewater treatment system was found to be efficient in removing heavy metals and these were found in the sludge, but not anions. The mean percentage metal removal could be arranged in the following decreasing order: iron (85%)?>?zinc (57%)?>?copper (40%) and lead (38%) following the concentrations (mg?kg^?1) found in the sludge: iron (11,300)?>?zinc (820)?>?copper (180)?>?lead (20)?>?cadmium (3). Phosphate and iron concentrations in the effluent were found to be above the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) recommendations. The major cause of poor performance is the high volume of the wastewater, exceeding the capacity of the plant 10 times.     

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.     

影响文丘里除尘器性能的因素分析研究

分析研究了影响文丘里除尘器性能的因素,对多种影响因素与除尘效率、阻力及漏风之间的关系进行了回归分析,并推出了文丘里除尘器烟气带水的计算公式,为文丘里除尘器的设计、维护及安全经济运行提供了依据。     

影响不同农作物镉富集系数的土壤因素

农作物的Cd富集系数（BCF）受多种因素影响.为明确田间条件下不同农作物的Cd富集系数特征差异及土壤性质对其影响,分别在我国水稻、小麦和玉米主产区不同污染程度的地块上作物收获期采集土壤和作物籽粒点对点样品,研究水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数特征及土壤性质对不同农作物的Cd富集系数的影响,并通过多元回归方程建立以上农作物Cd富集系数与土壤性质的定量关系.结果表明,在田间土壤中Cd含量范围为0.15~2.66 mg·kg^-1条件下,水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米Cd富集系数的均值分别为0.915、0.155、0.113和0.102,水稻明显高于小麦和玉米,春玉米的Cd富集系数最低.土壤中的Cd含量与小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质（SOM）与小麦、夏玉米BCF之间的关系呈极显著负相关;土壤pH和阳离子交换量（CEC）对作物BCF也有影响.引入土壤Cd含量、pH、SOM、CEC等因素,建立水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的Cd富集系数预测方程.水稻、小麦、夏玉米和春玉米的BCF预测方程相关系数分别为0.423^*、0.796^**、0.826^**和0.551^**,均达到显著或极显著水平,可以较好地预测不同土壤条件下不同农作物的BCF值.     

土壤垂向异质性及离子强度对全氟辛酸在饱和农田土壤中运移行为的影响

全氟和多氟化合物（Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances,PFASs）污染已对农田土壤-地下水环境构成严重威胁,掌握农田土壤中PFASs运移行为对准确评估其环境风险具有重要意义.本研究以全氟辛酸（Perfluorooctanoic Acid,PFOA）为代表性PFASs,选用南京市六合区水稻土为供试土壤,系统探究了土壤垂向异质性及离子强度对PFOA在不同深度农田土壤运移行为的影响.结果表明：土壤垂向异质性显著影响PFOA在不同深度饱和土壤中运移行为,土壤深度增加使PFOA运移迟滞性显著降低,原因是土壤有机质含量随深度增加而减小,PFOA与土壤间疏水作用减弱.离子强度增加导致PFOA运移阻滞性明显增强,这是由于高离子强度使土壤与PFOA间静电斥力减弱,PFOA在土壤表面吸附和解吸量均显著增加.此外,离子强度增加,上层土壤中PFOA阻滞变化程度显著大于下层土壤,表明离子强度对PFOA运移阻滞性的影响与土壤深度有关.因此,为准确预测和评估实际农田土壤中PFOA运移行为,必须考虑到土壤垂向异质性及离子强度的耦合影响.     

南京北郊秋季高污染大气背景下云凝结核活化特性研究

于2019年10月17日—11月16日在南京北郊地区,采用SMPS-CCNC联用的方式,对8.2~346 nm的气溶胶粒子展开了粒径分辨的CCN活化特征观测.根据PM_2.5浓度范围选取了清洁天和污染天进行分析发现,在高污染大气背景下,由于有机物浓度及占比较高,无机盐浓度较低,故CCN活化率低于清洁天.清洁天SOA组分占比较高,其大气氧化经历更长,氧化态更高,吸湿参数κ也更高;污染天在受到直接排放的影响下,大气氧化经历短,氧化态较低,POA占比相对较高,所以清洁天的吸湿参数κ大于污染天κ(0.28±0.07>0.24±0.09).清洁天的f₄₄平均值为0.14±0.02,污染天的f₄₄平均值为0.12±0.02,进一步表明清洁天的有机气溶胶氧化态更高.因此,高污染大气背景下由于大气中存在很多受排放影响的积聚模态的气溶胶,含有很多低吸湿性物质,降低了CCN的活化能力和吸湿性.     

Simulating wildfire patterns using a small-world network model

This paper presents the development and validation results of a weighted small-world network model designed to simulate fire patterns in real heterogeneous landscapes. Fire spread is simulated on a gridded landscape, a mosaic in which each cell represents an area of the land surface. In this model, the interaction between burning and non-burning cells (here, due to flame radiation) may extend well beyond nearest neighbors, and depends on local conditions of wind, topography, and vegetation. An approach based on the coupling of the solid flame model with the Monte Carlo method is used to predict the radiative heat flux from the flame generated by the burning of each combustible cell to its neighbors. The weighting procedure takes into account latency (a combustible cell will only ignite when it has accumulated enough energy along time) and flaming persistence of burning cells. The model is applied to very different fire scenarios: a historical Mediterranean fire that occurred in southeastern France in 2005 and experimental fires conducted in arid savanna fuels in South Africa in 1992. Model results are found to be in agreement with real fire patterns, in terms both of rate of spread, and of the area and shape of the burn. This work also shows that the fractal properties of fire patterns predicted by the model are similar to those observed from satellite images of three other Mediterranean fire scars.     

污泥施用对林地土壤基本性质及酶活性的影响

以无锡卢村污水处理厂厌氧消化的脱水污泥为有机肥源,采用土培盆栽试验的方法,研究了不同用量污泥施用后土壤基本性质的变化及对土壤酶活性的影响。试验设计5种处理,污泥施用量和占土质量的比例分别为0（不施污泥的对照处理,CK）,30（3%）,60（6%）,120（12%）和240（24%）g·kg^-1。结果表明,污泥使用提高了土壤中养分元素和有机质的含量;黄棕壤中过氧化氢酶的活性平均比潮土中的高5.2%,随污泥用量的增加潮土中过氧化氢酶活性提高,而黄棕壤中的无明显变化;与对照相比,土壤脲酶活性在两种土壤上分别增加55.6%～122%（黄棕壤）和46.2%～67.5%（潮土）,且与土壤全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷和有机质（黄棕壤）和土壤全氮、水解氮和有机质（潮土）呈正相关;结果还显示污泥使用增加了土壤蔗糖酶活性,但不同污泥用量之间无明显差异。