Use of recycled plastics in wood plastic composites – A review

The use of recycled and waste thermoplastics has been recently considered for producing wood plastic composites (WPCs). They have great potential for WPCs manufacturing according to results of some limited researches. This paper presents a detailed review about some essential properties of waste and recycled plastics, important for WPCs production, and of research published on the effect of recycled plastics on the physical and mechanical properties of WPCs.     

The “Mini Closed Pressure Vessel Test (MCPVT)” as a screening or classification test for explosive properties of organic peroxides

Tests according to the UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods for the determination of explosive properties of organic peroxides have been compared with screening criteria for explosivity based on measurements in a closed mini-autoclave (MCPVT). It will be shown that an additional screening test may be helpful but the information obtained from the UN tests are more important to characterise the specific properties of a substance under different conditions.     

不同水溶肥配方对部分白菜品质及土壤性质的影响

本试验以白菜为试验材料,清水为对照探索了5种水溶肥配方对白菜品质及土壤性质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,配方4处理的白菜Vc含量最多,配方1次之,分别较对照增加了210%、193%,硝酸盐含量除配方3和配方5外,其他处理均小于432 mg/kg,在安全范围内;5种水溶肥均能在一定程度上改善土壤p H值和电导率,配方1土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,分别为327.8 mg/kg和118.23 mg/kg,参照菜园土壤有效养分丰缺状况的分级标准,土壤氮、磷含量过高,可能会对周边的水环境造成污染。     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.     

Experimental investigation on flexural behavior of friction stir welded high density polyethylene sheets

Flexural strength is one of the main criteria in evaluation of the mechanical properties of polymeric joints. The flexural strength of thermoplastics, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets, is influenced by friction stir welding parameters. The determination of the welding parameters plays an important role in the weld strength. In the present study, the response surface method (RSM) was used as a statistical design of experiment technique to set the optimal welding parameters. The designed tool was consisted of a rotating pin, a stationary shoulder (shoe) and a heating system inside shoe. Rotational speed of the pin, tool traverse speed and shoe temperature were considered as varying parameters. Obtained results show a significant relationship between considered properties and processing parameters through an analysis of variance (ANOVA) study and the response surface method. It was found that welding at a high level of rotational speed and a lower level of tool travel speed increases weld flexural strength by reducing size of defects.     

我国18种不同理化性质的土壤对硒酸盐的吸附解吸作用研究

硒在土壤中的环境化学行为及其生物有效性在很大程度受到吸附解吸作用的影响,土壤对硒的吸附解吸因为土壤理化性质的不同差异很大.本文采用批量吸附实验,选择土壤性质差异较大的我国18种农田土壤,探讨了土壤p H、无定形铁铝氧化物、有机质和机械组成等对SeO_4~(2-)吸附的影响.结果表明,18种土壤对SeO_4~(2-)的吸附均是一个先快后慢的过程,在24 h达到吸附平衡;二级动力学方程为描述SeO_4~(2-)吸附的最佳模型(R20.976),18种土壤对SeO_4~(2-)吸附大多符合Freundlich模型(R20.842);土壤对SeO_4~(2-)吸附量与p H值(P0.01)、碳酸盐含量(P0.05)呈显著负相关,而与无定型铁、铝含量(P0.01)及有机质含量(P0.05)呈正相关;18种土壤对SeO_4~(2-)吸附的固液分配系数(Kd值)均很低(0.99~18.18 L·kg~(-1));土壤SeO_4~(2-)解吸率均大于80%,表明吸附是可逆的;土壤吸附SeO_4~(2-)的低Kd值和高解吸率反映了硒酸盐易迁移淋溶的特性,这应当在区域环境硒的评价和调控中受到关注.     

SBAF单级自养脱氮快速启动、稳定运行及微生物群落演化

单级自养脱氮(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite,CANON)存在启动周期长、运行易失稳的问题.本文研究了在淹没式生物滤池(submerged biological aerated filter,SBAF)体系内,采用前期更替曝气的满负荷启动方法,通过严格控制体系中的溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)和温度(DO和温度分别控制在0.10~0.30 mg·L~(-1)和31℃±1℃的范围内),水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time,HRT)控制为24 h,于51 d成功实现CANON的快速启动,并稳定运行278 d.该体系氨氮去除率(ammonium removal rate,ARR)最大值为98.9%,其平均值为95.1%;总氮去除率(total nitrogen removal rate,TNR)最大值为85.9%,其平均值为75.1%;体系存在少量NO_3~--N累积.采用16S rDNA宏基因组高通量测序技术分析该体系中污泥微生物的演化特征,发现起亚硝化作用的富集微生物主要为门Proteobacteria,起厌氧氨氧化作用的富集微生物主要为门Planctomycete属Candidatus Brocadia,其相对丰度随着驯化时间延长而逐渐增大,两者协同作用共同实现CANON中的总氮去除.     

MgO-based adsorbents for CO2 adsorption: Influence of structural and textural properties on the CO2 adsorption performance

A series of MgO-based adsorbents were prepared through solution–combustion synthesis and ball-milling process.The prepared MgO-based powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,N_2 physisorption measurements,and employed as potential adsorbents for CO_2 adsorption.The influence of structural and textural properties of these adsorbents over the CO_2 adsorption behaviour was also investigated.The results showed that MgO-based products prepared by solution–combustion and ball-milling processes,were highly porous,fluffy,nanocrystalline structures in nature,which are unique physico-chemical properties that significantly contribute to enhance their CO_2 adsorption.It was found that the MgO synthesized by solution combustion process,using a molar ratio of urea to magnesium nitrate(2:1),and treated by ball-milling during 2.5 hr(MgO-BM2.5h),exhibited the maximum CO_2 adsorption capacity of 1.611 mmol/g at 25℃ and 1 atm,mainly via chemisorption.The CO_2 adsorption behaviour on the MgO-based adsorbents was correlated to their improved specific surface area,total pore volume,pore size distribution and crystallinity.The reusability of synthesized MgO-BM2.5h was confirmed by five consecutive CO_2adsorption–desorption times,without any significant loss of performance,that supports the potential of MgO-based adsorbent.The results confirmed that the special features of MgO prepared by solution–combustion and treated by ball-milling during 2.5 hr are favorable to be used as effective MgO-based adsorbent in post-combustion CO_2 capture technologies.     

Synergetic analysis of springtime air pollution episodes over Gwangju, Korea

The characteristics of springtime aerosols,including their optical and microphysical properties,were analyzed for the months of March to May of 2009 in Gwangju(35.23°N,126.84°E),Korea.A high Light Detection and Ranging(LIDAR)-derived aerosol depolarization ratio(δ) of 0.25 ± 0.04 was determined on dust particles during the observation period.The?ngstr?m exponent values of the 440–870 nm wavelength pair(?_(440–870)) and single-scattering albedo at 675 nm(Ω_(675)) measured by a CIMEL sun/sky radiometer were 0.77 ± 0.19 and 0.95 ±0.01,respectively.The elevated dust layers reached a maximum elevation of 4 km above sea level.Anthropogenic/smoke particles that originated from highly populated/industrialized regions could be distinguished by their relatively smaller particle size(?_(440–870) ranged between1.33 and 1.36) and higher light-absorbing(Ω_(675) of 0.92 ± 0.01) characteristics.These aerosols are mostly distributed at altitudes 1.2 km.The root-mean-square deviation(RMSD) between the aerosol optical depth(AOD,τ) derived from LIDAR_((τ_(LIDAR))) and from the CIMEL sun/sky radiometer_((τ_(CIMEL))) varied with respect to the surface PM10 concentration.The RMSD between τ_(LIDAR) and τ_(CIMEL) was as low as 13% under lower PM_(10) concentration levels( 100 μg/m~3).In contrast,the RMSD between τ_(LIDAR) and τ_(CIMEL) increased three times(~31%) under high surface PM_(10) concentration levels(100 μg/m~3).These results suggest that the accuracy of τ_(LIDAR) is influenced by specific atmospheric conditions,regardless of its uncertainty.     

KH550改性SiO2气凝胶及其掺杂对砂浆性能的研究

目的提高SiO_2气凝胶颗粒与砂浆的相容性,降低砂浆的导热系数。方法以质量分数为5%的KH550硅烷偶联剂为改性剂,先对SiO_2气凝胶颗粒进行表面改性,并以改性后的SiO_2气凝胶颗粒为替换骨料,采用等体积替换法制备SiO_2气凝胶砂浆,再用SEM、XRD、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和接触角测量仪对原材料性能和砂浆的微观形貌进行表征,并研究不同替换比例的SiO_2气凝胶颗粒对砂浆密度、力学性能、收缩性能以及导热系数等性能的影响。结果采用KH-550硅烷偶联剂对SiO_2气凝胶进行表面改性,改性后的SiO_2气凝胶能够稳定地镶嵌于砂浆中,与无机胶凝材料的结合较为紧密,填补了砂浆中的孔洞,使得砂浆内部结构更为均匀,形成较为稳定的复合体系;随着SiO_2气凝胶颗粒替换比例的增大,SiO_2气凝胶砂浆的密度、力学性能以及导热系数逐渐降低,收缩率逐渐变大,当替换率达到60%时,密度由最初的2014.1 kg/m3降至1231.4 kg/m3,28天抗压和抗折强度分别降至2.15 MPa和0.45 MPa、导热系数值从0.6039 W/(m·K)降至0.1524W/(m·K),自收缩率增大到2729×10-6。结论从使用性能、材料成本、以及保温性能等方面综合考虑,当替换比例为50%时,为最优体积掺量,此时,其密度、抗压和抗折强度、自收缩率以及导热系数分别为1387.1kg/m3,8.3 MPa和2.23 MPa,1928×10-6,0.2248 W/(m·K)。