不同施氮水平对紫花苜蓿草地土壤呼吸和土壤生化性质的影响

为探讨不同施氮水平对紫花苜蓿草地土壤呼吸速率和土壤生化性质的影响及其关系,本研究于2017年4月至2018年3月采用田间试验和室内分析相结合的方法,设置了无氮(N0,0)、低氮(N1,60 kg·hm~(-2))、中氮(N2,120 kg·hm~(-2))和高氮(N3,180 kg·hm~(-2))这4个施氮水平,监测了不同施氮水平下紫花苜蓿草地土壤呼吸速率及土壤水热的季节变化,并于紫花苜蓿生长季内不同茬次刈割后测定了土壤生化性质.结果表明:(1)不同施氮水平下紫花苜蓿草地土壤呼吸速率均表现出明显的季节性变化特征,在7月下旬达到峰值,12月中旬降至最低;随施氮量的增加紫花苜蓿生长季内土壤呼吸速率逐渐增强,N1、N2和N3施氮水平下的土壤呼吸速率均值分别为0.97、1.04和1.07 g·(m~2·h)~(-1),与N0[0.88 g·(m~2·h)~(-1)]相比,土壤呼吸速率分别增加了10.2%、18.2%和21.6%;施氮对紫花苜蓿非生长季内土壤呼吸速率无显著影响(P0.05).(2)不同施氮水平下紫花苜蓿生长季、非生长季和全年的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度拟合指数模型均达极显著水平(P0.01),且指数模型的决定系数R~2值表现为生长季(0.46～0.62)非生长季(0.66～0.76)全年(0.80～0.86).(3)施氮在一定程度上降低了紫花苜蓿草地土壤的pH值和速效磷(AP),而提高了速效钾(AK)、土壤有机质(SOM)、土壤脲酶(URE)和土壤蔗糖酶活性(INV).土壤全氮(TN)和碱解氮(AN)含量在不同施氮水平下表现出不同的变化趋势,当施氮量在0～120 kg·hm~(-2)时,TN和AN随施氮量的增加而增加,继续增施氮肥超过N2(120 kg·hm~(-2))水平时则略有下降.(4)通过紫花苜蓿生长季内土壤呼吸与其土壤生化性质之间的相关矩阵分析可知,土壤呼吸速率(R_S)与土壤pH值呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与TN和URE呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与SOM呈显著的正相关(P0.05),与INV呈显著负相关(P0.05).综合考虑土壤生化特性对不同施氮条件下紫花苜蓿草地土壤呼吸速率的影响,可为草地生态系统土壤呼吸强度研究提供理论依据.     

典型天然吸附剂对重金属的吸附性能研究

天然吸附剂由于其本身结构的特殊性,对重金属离子有一定的吸附效果,但是原始的吸附剂在工程处理应用中有一定的局限性,如耐酸碱性不高、吸附量不大等,因此在实际应用中采用较多的典型吸附剂多为改性材料,改性后的吸附剂提高了对环境的耐受性和对金属离子的吸附量,对于去除和回收水体中重金属有很大的优势和发展前景。     

Mg^2＋配位作用对磺胺嘧啶结构及吸收光谱影响的计算模拟及验证。

以磺胺嘧啶为模型化合物,基于量子化学密度泛函理论（DFT）,通过结构优化及相互作用能的计算,预测Mg^2＋与磺胺嘧啶形成1：1配合物的结构．结果表明,Mg^2＋和磺酰胺基的N和0原子配位,同时结合一个水分子;配合物磺酰胺基的键长、键角和二面角发生明显变化．基于含时密度泛函理论（TD-DFT）方法,计算磺胺嘧啶及其配合物...     

Modelling and mapping topographic variations in forest soils at high resolution: A case study

This article examines the utility of a digitally derived cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index to model and map variations in drainage, vegetation and soil type and select soil properties within a forested area (40 ha) of the Swan Hills, Alberta, Canada. This index was derived from a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) derived digital elevation model (DEM), with at least 1 ground return per m². The resulting DTW pattern was set to be zero along all DEM-derived flow channels, each with a 4 ha flow-initiation threshold. Soil type (luvisol, gleysol, mesisol), drainage type (very poor to excessive), vegetation type (hydric to xeric) and forest floor depth were determined along hillslope transects. These determinations conformed more closely to the DEM-derived log₁₀(DTW) variations (R² > 60%) than to the corresponding variations of the widely used topographic wetness index (TWI) (R² < 25%). Setting log₁₀(DTW) thresholds to represent the wet to moist to dry transitions between vegetation, drainage and soil type enabled a high-resolution mapping of these types across the study area. Also determined were soil moisture content, coarse fragment and soil particle composition (sand, silt, clay), pH, total C, N, S, P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and available Ca, Mg, K, P and NH₄, by soil layer type and depth. Most of these variables were also more correlated with log₁₀(DTW) than with TWI, with and without soil layer depth as an additional regression variable. These variables are, therefore, subject to topographic controls to at least some extent, and can be modelled and mapped accordingly, as illustrated for soil moisture, forest floor depth and pH across the study area, from ridge tops to depressions. Further examinations revealed that the DEM-produced DTW and TWI patterns complemented one another, with DTW delineating soils in relation to local water-table influences, and with TWI delineating where the water would flow and accumulate.     

华北地区几种冬闲覆盖作物碳氮蓄积及其对土壤理化性质的影响

充分利用华北地区冬季空闲耕地及光热资源,以冬闲耕地为对照,研究二月兰（Orychophragmus violaceus）、毛苕（Vicia uillosa Roth.）、黑麦草（Secale cereale L.）、草木樨（Melilotus officinalis）、紫花苜蓿（Medicago satiua L.）5种不同冬闲覆盖作物地上部、地下部以及总碳、氮的蓄积量及其对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：5种覆盖作物总干物质质量在4.6-8.82 t.hm-2之间,是冬闲田干物质质量的1.6-3.1倍。5种覆盖作物全碳蓄积量在1.80-3.14 t.hm-2之间,是冬闲田碳蓄积量的1.9-3.3倍。与对照相比,各覆盖处理均明显提高氮素蓄积,尤以苜蓿最佳,达到了202.8 kg.hm-2,差异显著。试验选择5种肥覆盖均可提高土壤有机质质量分数（0.90-2.86 g.kg）;黑麦草覆盖可明显降低土壤容重（0.08 g.cm3）;毛苕和苜蓿栽培均可显著降低土壤pH,但同时土壤盐分有所增加;二月兰和黑麦草栽培在提高土壤水分含量方面表现最好。     

加筋土挡墙动力特性研究进展

加筋土挡墙表现出很好的抗震性能,对于加筋土挡墙的动力特性研究有利于更好地弄清楚其工作机理,为加筋土挡墙在动荷区特别是地震区的更广泛应用奠定基础。根据大量文献资料,从试验研究、数值模拟和传统的拟静力方法等三个方面阐述了目前加筋土挡墙动力特性的研究进展,并对今后的研究作了展望。     

城市污水二级出水超滤膜污染与膜特性的研究

以城市污水二级出水为过滤介质,考察了PVA、PVP、PMMA等与PVDF的二元及三元共混超滤膜的过滤污染行为.结果表明,共混优化了PVDF超滤膜的结构参数,添加剂PVP、PVA可有效改善膜的亲水化程度,提高膜渗透通量.超滤膜的亲水性和结构特性对膜抗污染性能影响较大;堵孔阻力是二级出水过滤膜污染不可逆的主要原因.亲水性较强的超滤膜,二级出水过滤初期易因浓差极化而导致滤饼层污染,造成一定的通量衰减,但易清洗恢复,不可逆污染指数(rir)为0,抗污染性能好.致密的超滤膜表面有利于防止二级出水中的中低分子量污染物进入膜内部,而断面通透大孔和疏松海绵层结构的超滤膜,能减少二级出水中的污染物在膜中沉积形成堵孔阻力.膜表面多孔,内部大孔发育不充分,易形成堵孔污染,通量衰减大且不易清洗恢复,膜污染不可逆.     

Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G. and Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. as trace element bioindicators: Statistical comparison of bioaccumulative properties

The principal objective of this study was to compare bioaccumulative properties of two terrestrial moss species Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi from the Kielce area (south-central Poland), using various statistical techniques. Forty-six moss samples from 23 sampling sites located within the city limits were analyzed for 33 trace elements. The results indicated that 17 elements (Ba, Ce, Co, Cu, Eu, Fe, Gd, Hg, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Sm, V, Y) dominated in H. splendens, whereas only three elements (Mn, Sr, Zn) occurred in excessive amounts in P. schreberi. No differences in the distribution pattern of Dy, Er, Ho, Sn, Tb, Th and Yb were observed. The element concentration ratio (PI/Hy) varied from 0.50 to 1.19. For 14 elements (Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Gd, Hg, La, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Sm, Th, V), PI/Hy < 1; for 4 elements (Cd, Mn, Sr, Zn), PI/Hy > 1; for 7 elements (Ba, Dy, Er, Eu, Pr, Y, Yb), PI/Hy = equalled 1. Czekanowski’s method showed similarities in rare earth element concentrations for both moss species. The cluster analysis exhibited three significant clusters at D link /D max × 100 < 50 for both moss species. Strong positive Spearman correlations between both moss species were recorded for the following pairs:Ba-Ba, Co-Co, Er-Er, Eu-Eu, Gd Gd, Mn-Mn, Ni-Ni, Pb-Pb, Pr-Pr, Sm-Sm, Th-Th, Y-Y, and Yb-Yb. Nonparametric tests (Sign test, Wilcoxon tests) showed statistically significant differences only for Cd, Ce, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb and Sr. The scanning electron microscope study of H. splendens and P. schreberi revealed a different morphology of these species with no injuries.     

Study on preparation and microwave absorption property of the core-nanoshell composite materials doped with La

Microwave absorbing material plays a great role in electromagnetic pollution controlling, electromagnetic interference shielding and stealth technology, etc. The core-nanoshell composite materials doped with La were prepared by a solid-state reaction method, which is applied to the electromagnetic wave absorption. The core is magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere, and the shell is the nanosized ferrite doped with La. The thermal decomposition process of the sample was investigated by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. The morphology and components of the composite materials were investigated by the X-ray diffraction analysis, the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The results of vibrating sample magnetometer analysis indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction happens between ferrite of magnetic fly-ash hollow cenosphere and nanosized ferrite coating, which caused outstanding magnetic properties. The microwave absorbing property of the sample was measured by reflectivity far field radar cross section of radar microwave absorbing material with vector network analyzer. The results indicated that the exchange-coupling interaction enhanced magnetic loss of composite materials. Therefore, in the frequency of 5 GHz, the reflection coefficient can achieve ?24 dB. It is better than single material and is consistent with requirements of the microwave absorbing material at the low-frequency absorption.     

氮修饰木素对土壤生化特性的影响

文章通过氮修饰木素对土壤生化特性影响的研究,旨在探索工业木素资源的高效利用途径。研究结果表明,在培养土壤(总培养期4个月)中直接掺入1%的工业木素,土壤微生物量(C,N)、土壤净N矿化率除培养初期有一定的影响外,在其余时间内几乎没有显著变化,但土壤微生物代谢熵值(qCO2)在大多数培养时间内有明显增加,说明掺入工业木素对土壤微生物的生理状况产生一定的负面作用。与此相对,掺入氮修饰木素对土壤微生物的正常生长没有不利的影响。比较两类氮修饰木素产品(高压和常压工艺产品),常压工艺生产的氮修饰木素的总含氮较低,但该产品在前3个月的氮矿化率高于加高压工艺生产的氮修饰木素。两类氮修饰木素中结合的氮在整个培养过程中都表现出较好的缓释性。上述研究结果为氮修饰木素的生产和农业应用提供了重要的科学基础。