北京不同古树类型和级别对土壤物理性质的影响

以北京的代表性古树白皮松、侧柏、油松和国槐为研究对象,分析不同树种类型和不同级别古树土壤理化特性以及土壤理化特性之间的关系,以期为古树土壤健康评价和复壮管理提供科学的依据。研究结果表明:研究区土壤含水量为10.62%,容重为1.20 g/cm3,紧实度为3.94 kg/m2,土壤孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别为20.72%、11.77%和8.96%,各指标都呈中等变异;在6个物理指标中,土壤紧实度、土壤含水量和土壤容重与其他几个物理指标相关性较高;不同树种类型和不同古树级别对古树土壤物理特性影响并不显著。     

污泥合成燃料的研制及燃烧特性研究

为实现污泥的资源化利用,提出了一种无需干化就可直接将脱水污泥制成合成燃料的技术,并对污泥合成燃料的制备条件和性能进行了研究.结果表明,当污泥(含水率为80%)、Fe3+、Ca2+、飞灰、木屑的质量比为40:0.24:0.8:10:1时,在1.2MPa压强下压滤1h制成的污泥合成燃料无刺激性气味,含水率为38.76%,抗...     

铁路隧道整体式衬砌火灾力学响应特性数值模拟

通过ANSYS有限元数值模拟软件,建立了铁路隧道整体式衬砌的二维热力耦合有限元计算模型,基于ISO834标准火灾温升曲线,对不同单双线和不同等级围岩的铁路隧道整体式衬砌(单线III级围岩衬砌、双线III级围岩衬砌、单线IV级围岩衬砌、双线IV围岩衬砌)的火灾力学响应行为进行了数值模拟研究,获得了火灾作用下,不同的铁路隧道整体式衬砌拱顶竖向位移、边墙侧向位移、压应力、剪切应力的变化情况。结果表明:双线整体式衬砌拱顶的竖向位移大于单线整体式衬砌,围岩等级越大整体式衬砌拱顶的竖向位移越大,整体式衬砌承受的最大压应力和最大剪切应力随时间集中在不同厚度层的混凝土区域上。所获得的结论可为铁路隧道整体式衬砌的防火设计和安全性研究提供理论参考。     

Coagulation behavior and floc properties of compound bioflocculant-polyaluminum chloride dual-coagulants and polymeric aluminum in low temperature surface water treatment

This study was intended to compare coagulation behavior and floc properties of two dualcoagulants polyaluminum chloride–compound bioflocculant(PAC–CBF)(PAC dose first) and compound bioflocculant–polyaluminum chloride(CBF–PAC)(CBF dose first) with those of PAC alone in low temperature drinking water treatment. Results showed that dualcoagulants could improve DOC removal efficiency from 30% up to 34%. Moreover, CBF contributed to the increase of floc size and growth rate, especially those of PAC–CBF were almost twice bigger than those of PAC. However, dual-coagulants formed looser and weaker flocs with lower breakage factors in which fractal dimension of PAC–CBF flocs was low which indicates a looser floc structure. The floc recovery ability was in the following order:PAC–CBF PAC alone CBF–PAC. The flocculation mechanism of PAC was charge neutralization and enmeshment, meanwhile the negatively charged CBF added absorption and bridging effect.     

地下水污染风险评价中特征污染物量化方法探讨

针对地下水污染风险评价中的外界胁迫脆弱性评价缺乏有效量化体系这一问题,通过地下水污染源解析,提出了基于特征污染物及其对应排放量的量化体系;通过特征污染物属性解析及利用层次分析法确定研究侧重点,构建了该体系中的特征污染物量化方法.将该量化方法应用于北京市地下水污染风险评价,结果表明,依据不同研究侧重点得出的3种特征污染物危害性计算结果具有明显差异,并且3种危害性排序与对应的3种属性排序亦存在差异.由此表明,确定研究侧重点的主观倾向对特征污染物危害性计算结果有决定性影响.此外,在计算过程中,以序列值的方式解决3种属性的归一化及不同类别特征污染物属性量化结果的统一,会造成不同特征污染物之间相对属性特征的放大或缩小.     

非均质煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩数值模拟

煤的微观结构特征对煤的力学特性起着重要作用。为了更加真实准确地研究非均质煤样的细观力学特性,首先通过扫描电镜(SEM)获取煤样放大8 000倍的微观结构图像;然后采用数字图像处理技术对SEM图像进行处理,构建能反映煤样较为真实结构特征的CAD矢量结构模型,并将其导入颗粒流离散元软件(PFC)建立符合煤样结构特征的数值模型;最后开展了煤样细观力学特性的双轴压缩颗粒流数值模拟。结果表明:煤作为一种混合物,它所包含的矿物质和微孔裂隙对其力学性能有重要作用;应力应变曲线有明显的峰值转折点,可以分为弹性阶段、应变软化阶段和残余阶段;煤样在双轴压缩条件下产生的宏观裂纹主要受拉伸力影响,其破裂形态不规则;在应力峰值位置附近,裂纹的增长速率最快,此时的颗粒体间平均接触力也最大,能够达到3.25×10⁸N;另外随围压和加载速率增大,应力-应变曲线形式基本保持不变,但轴向应力峰值及裂纹数逐渐增加;应力峰值对应的轴向应变与围压无确定的规律,而与加载速率呈正比关系。     

Construction utilization of foamed waste glass

Foamed waste glass (FWG) material is newly developed for the purpose to utilize the waste glassware and other waste glass. FWG has a multi-porous structure that consists of continuous or discontinuous voids. Hence lightweight but considerable stiffness can be achieved. In the present study, the manufacture and engineering properties of FWG are introduced first. Then, the utilizations of FWG are investigated in laboratory tests and field tests. Some case studies on design and construction work are also reported here. Through these studies we know that the discontinuous void material can be utilized as a lightweight fill material, ground improvement material and lightweight aggregate for concrete. On the other hand, the continuous void material can be used as water holding material for the areenina of around slope and rooftop, and as clarification material for water.     

Intensification of adsorption process by using the pyrolytic char from waste tires to remove chromium(Ⅵ) from wastewater

Pyrolysis has the potential of transforming waste into valuable recyclable products. Pyrolytic char(PC) is one of the most important products from the pyrolysis of used tires. One of the most significant applications for pyrolytic char recovered is used for the removal of Cr(Ⅵ) in the wastewater effluent to control waste by waste. The surface chemistry properties of surface element distribution / concentration and chemical structure were examined for the pyrolytic char and the commercial activated carbon(CAC) respectively. The results showed that surfaces of PC possesses a large amount of ester and hydrocarbon graft, whereas there are mainly carbon functional components of C-OH, C=O and COOH on the surface of CAC. Therefore the surface electronegativity of PC is lower than that of CAC in the water. The repulsive interactions between the surfaces of PC and the negatively charged Cr(Ⅵ) ion are weaker than that of CAC, which results in an intensification of the adsorption process by the utilization of PC. The adsorption isotherms of Cr(Ⅵ) ion on the two kinds of carbons were determined experimentally. The larger adsorption amount on the PC in the case of Cr(Ⅵ) may be attributed mainly to its special surface micro-chemical environment. The mechanism of the removal Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution was assumed to be the integration of adsorption and redox reaction. The adsorption was the rate-controlled step for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. The adsorption of Cr(Ⅵ) has been identified as pseudo-second- order kinetics. The rate constants of adsorption have been evaluated.     

重金属铜和铅的生态毒性归一化及土壤环境基准研究

鉴于土壤性质对重金属生态毒性的潜在影响,开展了铜和铅的土壤生态毒性的归一化分析,一方面通过土壤性质(pH、OC(有机碳含量)、CEC(阳离子交换量)和Clay(黏土含量))和土壤生物毒性数据建立多元回归归一化模型(铜(铅)分别含10(5)种土壤生物),此外,在毒性数据和土壤性质数据不足以建立多元回归模型时,构建种间外推...     

用于直升机蒙皮修复的EA9396和HT6119胶粘剂的环境适应性研究

目的 通过测试不同胶粘剂在不同温度及不同环境介质中的粘结强度,研究胶粘剂的环境适应性,为直升机复合材料胶接维修提供工艺参考和数据支撑。方法 选取HYSOLEA9396（美国汉高）和HUITIAN HT6119（中国回天）2种胶粘剂,测试其黏度、适用期、挥发性、玻璃化转变温度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度和压缩强度等基本性能,并使用金属–金属胶接方式,在不同温度下和不同环境介质（普通大气、水、航空液压油、RP-3煤油、盐雾和湿热）中,测试其拉伸剪切性能。结果 随温度升高,2种胶粘剂的拉伸剪切性能均发生下降。在121℃前,HT6119胶粘剂的拉伸剪切性能优于EA9396胶粘剂;121℃（含）至149℃间EA9396胶粘剂拉伸剪切性能优于HT6119胶粘剂;当温度上升至177℃时,两者的性能相当。2种胶粘剂在不同环境介质均有较好的胶接性能,HT6119胶粘剂除了在航空液压油和盐雾条件下的拉伸剪切性能略低于EA9396胶粘剂外,其他环境条件下都优于EA9396胶粘剂。结论 EA9396和HT6119胶粘剂的拉伸剪切性能均随温度升高而下降,EA9396在中低温下的胶粘性能较好,HT6119在高温条件下胶粘...