植物13C标记对生物质炭理化性质的影响

研究了未标记和¹³C脉冲标记的水稻和杨树在不同温度下制备得到的生物质炭理化性质的差异.以水稻和杨树为原料,进行¹³C脉冲标记,分别在300℃和500℃下裂解,得到8种不同的生物质炭,即300℃和500℃未标记水稻生物质炭、300℃和500℃¹³C标记水稻生物质炭、300℃和500℃未标记杨树生物质炭及300℃和500℃¹³C标记杨树生物质炭,分析植物¹³C标记、裂解温度和原料对生物质炭主要理化性质的影响.结果表明,植物¹³C标记后,制备得到的生物质炭TC含量降低,固定碳含量增加,水稻生物质炭的NO₃^--N含量增加.随着裂解温度从300℃升高到500℃,¹³C标记生物质炭的灰分、pH、固定碳含量增加,DOC、TN和NH₄⁺-N含量减少,C/N有所增加.三因素方差分析表明,制备原料是影响生物质炭的灰分、TC和固定碳含量的最重要因素,对变异的解释程度分别...     

西红柿镍毒害的土壤主控因子和预测模型研究

选取我国有代表性的17种土壤,运用生态毒理学方法研究了土壤中外源镍(Ni)对西红柿的毒性,结果发现土壤中外源Ni对西红柿的生长毒性主要受土壤pH值、有机碳含量的影响.在供试淋洗(使用模拟的人工雨水滤洗定量的土壤样品)和非淋洗土壤中,Ni对西红柿生物量50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50)范围分别从11mg·kg-1到932mg·kg-1和从7mg·kg-1到2055mg·kg-1,其最大值和最小值比例分别达到了85和294倍.土壤pH值是土壤中Ni对西红柿生长毒性的主控因子,进一步引入土壤有机碳因子时,淋洗和非淋洗土壤理化性质和EC50之间回归方程的决定系数R2由0.853和0.743分别提高到了0.925和0.824.利用土壤性状(土壤pH值、有机碳含量)可以较好地预测土壤中外源Ni对西红柿生长的毒性阈值.     

南极微球菌产低温淀粉酶条件优化及酶学性质初步研究

采用单因素试验对南极微球菌(Micrococcus antarcticus)产低温淀粉酶的条件进行了初步优化,其发酵培养基组成为(g/L):Na2HPO42.0,KH2PO41.0,MgSO4.7H2O 0.1,NaCl 5.0,(NH4)2SO42.5,麦芽糖5.0,微量元素溶液5.0 mL,pH 8.0,500 mL三角瓶装液100 mL,12℃,160 r/min振荡培养64 h,在此条件下,发酵液酶活由优化前的0.24 U/mL提高到2.6 U/mL,是优化前的10.8倍.发酵液经Millipore超滤膜包浓缩、Hitrap Q阴离子交换层析、Superdex 200凝胶过滤层析纯化获得纯淀粉酶.该淀粉酶的最适作用温度为30℃,在10~15℃下仍具有较高活性,但对热敏感,属典型的低温酶;最适作用pH为6.0,在pH 6.0~10.0范围内较稳定(>70%);Ca2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Mg2+对该酶有较为明显的激活作用,而Zn2+、Ba2+、Ag+、Cu2+、Al3+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Hg2+、螯合剂EDTA、citrate则对该酶有不同程度的抑制作用,并且在Tween系列及TrintonX-1...     

尾叶悬钩子红色素的性质及其稳定性

对尾叶悬钩子红色素的基本理化性质,及光、温度、PH值,氧化还原介质、5种金属离子和3种食品添加剂对其稳定性的影响进行了分析探讨,结果表明,尾叶悬钩子鲜果中总花色苷含量高,其色素属水溶性花青苷类,该色素在60℃以下较稳定,但抗氧化和还原性较差,金属离子中Fe^3 等对色素的吸光度有明显影响,而Cu^2＋,Mg^2 及低浓度Zn^2 影响不大,Mn^2 、较高浓度（ρ＝100－300mgL^-1）的Zn^2＋、葡萄糖、苯甲酸钠则对色素稳定性无影响,并有不同程度的护色效果。图6表6参6     

稻田土壤理化特性对CH4排放的影响

通过对8个稻田土壤的培养实验,研究了土壤特性在水分和小麦秸杆两因子两水平处理下对甲烷排放的影响。相关分析结果表明,各处理下的甲烷排放量均与土壤砂粒含量成正比（p<0.01）。逐步回归分析表明,在淹水条件下,无论施加小麦秸杆与否,甲烷排放量均可通过土壤砂粒含量和C/N比的线性组合得以定量表述,其决定系数（R     

不同立地管理措施对2代杉木人工林某些土壤性质的影响

在29a生1代杉木林采伐迹地上用5种林地处理方式进行2代杉木人工林营造,并研究处理后3a土壤体积质量、pH值、有机质的变化.结果表明BL3BM0(收获树干和树皮、加倍采伐剩余物)处理方式对降低土壤体积质量和提高土壤pH值的作用最大,是最佳的立地管理措施,而BL0BM0(收获地上所有有机质)处理的作用正相反,增加土壤体积质量和降低土壤pH值的幅度最大,对土壤肥力的维持最为不利.火烧采伐剩余处理并非最差的立地管理方式.     

交联壳聚糖乙酸酯冠醚对金属离子的吸附性能研究

本文合成了二苯并-16-冠-5-氯代乙酸酯冠醚和3,5-二叔丁基-二苯并-14-冠-4-双氯代乙酸酯冠醚,然后分别将之与交联壳聚糖(简称CCTS)反应,制备了交联壳聚糖二苯并-16-冠-5-乙酸酯冠醚(简称CCTS-1)和交联壳聚糖3,5-二叔丁基-二苯并-14-冠-4-双乙酸酯冠醚(简称CCTS-2),并研究了它们对Pb~(2+),Cu~(2+),Cr~(3+),Ni~(2+),Cd~(2+)的吸附性能。结果表明:这两种吸附剂对pb~(2+),Cu~(2+)有较高的吸附选择性。     

The water-soluble fraction of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils: relationships between ecotoxicity, solubility and geochemical reactivity

To better understand the impacts posed by soil contamination to aquatic ecosystems it is crucial to characterise the links between ecotoxicity, chemical availability and geochemical reactivity of potentially toxic elements (PTE’s) in soils. We evaluated the adverse effects of water extracts obtained from soils contaminated by chemical industry and mining, using a test battery including organisms from different trophic levels (bacteria, algae and daphnids). These tests provided a quick assessment of the ecotoxicity of soils with respect to possible adverse effects on aquatic organisms although the ecotoxicological responses could be related to the solubility of PTE’s only to a limited extent.The analysis of results of bioassays together with the chemical characterisation of water extracts provided additional relevant insight into the role of conductivity, pH, Al, Fe, and Mn of soil extracts on toxicity to organisms. Furthermore, an important conclusion of this study was that the toxicity of extracts to the aquatic organisms could also be related to the soil properties (pH, Org C and Fe_ox) and to the reactivity of PTE’s in soils which in fact control the soluble fraction of the contaminants.The combined assessment of ecotoxicity in water fractions, solubility and geochemical reactivity of PTE’s in soils provided a more comprehensive understanding of the bioavailability of inorganic contaminants than ecotoxicological or chemical studies alone and can therefore be most useful for environmental risks assessment of contaminated soils.     

累托石/氧化亚铜纳米复合材料的制备及光催化性能研究

以累托石为载体,用液相合成法制备了累托石/纳米氧化亚铜复合材料,采用SEM、XRD对其进行了表征,并以吸附降解亚甲基蓝的效果探讨了复合材料的吸附及光催化性能.结果表明,在最佳条件为:溶液呈碱性,亚甲基蓝初始浓度90 mg/L,复合材料用量1.33 g/L,温度60℃,反应20 mim时复合材料对亚甲基蓝的降解率可达到9...     

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at different phases of biodegradation

This paper presents the results of laboratory investigation conducted to determine the variation of geotechnical properties of synthetic municipal solid waste (MSW) at different phases of degradation. Synthetic MSW samples were prepared based on the composition of MSW generated in the United States and were degraded in bioreactors with leachate recirculation. Degradation of the synthetic MSW was quantified based on the gas composition and organic content, and the samples exhumed from the bioreactor cells at different phases of degradation were tested for the geotechnical properties. Hydraulic conductivity, compressibility and shear strength of initial and degraded synthetic MSW were all determined at constant initial moisture content of 50% on wet weight basis. Hydraulic conductivity of synthetic MSW was reduced by two orders of magnitude due to degradation. Compression ratio was reduced from 0.34 for initial fresh waste to 0.15 for the mostly degraded waste. Direct shear tests showed that the fresh and degraded synthetic MSW exhibited continuous strength gain with increase in horizontal deformation, with the cohesion increased from 1 kPa for fresh MSW to 16–40 kPa for degraded MSW and the friction angle decreased from 35° for fresh MSW to 28° for degraded MSW. During the triaxial tests under CU condition, the total strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle, were found to vary from 21 to 57 kPa and 1° to 9°, respectively, while the effective strength parameters, cohesion and friction angle varied from 18 to 56 kPa and from 1° to 11°, respectively. Similar to direct shear test results, as the waste degrades an increase in cohesion and slight decrease in friction angle was observed. Decreased friction angle and increased cohesion with increased degradation is believed to be due to the highly cohesive nature of the synthetic MSW. Variation of synthetic MSW properties from this study also suggests that significant changes in geotechnical properties of MSW can occur due to enhanced degradation induced by leachate recirculation.