Agro-waste biosorbents: Effect of physico-chemical properties on atrazine and imidacloprid sorption

Low cost agro-waste biosorbents namely eucalyptus bark (EB), corn cob (CC), bamboo chips (BC), rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH) were characterized and used to study atrazine and imidacloprid sorption. Adsorption studies suggested that biosorbents greatly varied in their pesticide sorption behaviour. The EB was the best biosorbent to sorb both atrazine and imidacloprid with K_F values of 169.9 and 85.71, respectively. The adsorption isotherm were nonlinear in nature with slope (1/n) values <1. The Freundlich constant Correlating atrazine/imidacloprid sorption parameter [K_F.(1/n)] with the physicochemical properties of the biosorbents suggested that atrazine adsorption correlated significantly to the aromaticity, polarity, surface area, fractal dimension, lacunarity and relative C-O band intensity parameters of biosorbents. Probably, both physisorption and electrostatic interactions were responsible for the pesticide sorption. The eucalyptus bark can be exploited as low cost adsorbent for the removal of these pesticides as well as a component of on-farm biopurification systems.     

光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响

以烤烟（Nicotiana tabacum）云烟87为材料,在烤烟团棵期和打顶期用透光率相近的有色薄膜分别对其进行遮光处理直到采收结束,研究光质对烤烟生长发育、主要经济性状和品质特征的影响。结果表明：蓝光有促进烟株生殖生长和延缓烟叶成熟的作用,红光、黄光和白光对烟株的生育进程无明显影响,打顶期遮光有延长烟株大田生育期的趋势。光质对叶片生长发育影响最大,红光和蓝光的影响效应主要表现在烟叶生育前期,黄光和白光的影响效应主要体现在烟叶生育后期。自然光和红膜下烟株的农艺性状综合表现最好,红光有促进烟茎生长和叶片发育的作用,蓝光和黄光则抑制茎干生长和降低叶面积。烟株生长前期增加红光比例有助于初烤烟叶主要经济性状的改善,后期蓝光的作用逐渐凸显。烟株不同生长时期红光和黄光的适当组合在改善烟叶品质中起着重要作用,烟株生长前期增加红光比例有利于降低初烤烟叶烟碱和蛋白质含量,提高糖类物质含量和评吸质量,但对氧化钾含量作负效应贡献;烟株生长后期提高黄光比例可使初烤烟叶的化学成分更为协调,对吸食品质有较好的提升作用。     

Soil organic carbon of degraded wetlands treated with freshwater in the Yellow River Delta, China

Supplying freshwater is one of the important methods to help restore degraded wetlands. Changes in soil properties and plant community biomass were evaluated by comparing sites with freshwater treatment versus reference sites following freshwater addition to wetlands of the Yellow River Delta for 7 years. The results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) was significantly increased in all wetland sites that were treated with freshwater compared to the reference sites. The treatment wetlands had greater total nitrogen (TN), lower pH and electrical conductivity and higher water content in the soil compared to the reference wetlands. In general, the upper soil layer (0-20 cm) had greater SOC than the lower soil layer (20-40 cm). The increase of SOC in the freshwater reintroduction wetlands was higher in the Suaeda salsa plant community (mean ± standard error) (6.89 ± 0.63 g/kg) and Phragmites communis plant community (4.11 ± 0.12 g/kg) than in the Tamarix chinensis plant community (1.40 ± 0.31 g/kg) in the upper soil layer. The differences were especially marked between the treated and reference wetlands for SOC and TN in the P. communis plant communities. The C:N ratio of the soil was significantly greater in the treated compared to the reference wetlands for the S. salsa plant community. Although the C: N ratios increased after treatment, they were all <25 suggesting that N availability was not limiting soil organic matter decomposition. Our results indicate that freshwater addition and the concomitant increase in soil moisture content enhances the accumulation of SOC in the Yellow River Delta.     

Assessment of properties of Tunisian agricultural waste composts: Application as components in reconstituted anthropic soils and their effects on tomato yield and quality

Organic soil improvers are mainly used for their potential for preventing soil losses. This study investigates the physicochemical properties of six different organic soil improvers and their effects on the properties and productivity of reconstituted anthropic soils during short-term application compared to farm manure. Treatment materials were obtained from Tunisian agricultural waste composts (almond shell (AS), sesame bark (SB), olive cake (OC), olive mill wastewater sludge (OMWS) and poultry manure (PM)) as well as mixtures of compost-manure (CM). The characterization of soil conditioners shows that (i) nitrogen contents are higher in olive wastes and PM-based composts; (ii) carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) and the organic matter (OM) contents are in the ranges of 14.1-29.7 and 19.3-64.5%, respectively; (iii) the electrical conductivity (EC) is higher in manure (M) and compost-manure mixture (4.8-10.4 mS/cm) and (iv) pH values are alkaline (8.2-8.8). Treatments were applied as components of a reconstituted soil at a rate of 14 kg/m². Except for the manures, the mixtures of soil and treatment material (in a ratio of 600 L/28 kg) were placed in metallic basins to form the reconstituted anthropic soil. Plot areas of 2 m² were used for each treatment and 2 × 2 m² for the control. An assessment of the geochemical properties of soils during the cultivation period reveals variations in soil organic matter (SOM) contents as well as pH and EC values. Soil productivity is determined by quantitative and qualitative comparison of tomato fruits obtained from each plot amended with manure-treated soil.     

黄河三角洲盐碱土根际微环境的微生物多样性及理化性质分析

土壤盐碱化是限制全世界农业发展的主要问题.在盐碱土壤上种植盐生植物和耐盐植物可以对盐碱土壤进行脱盐,而盐碱土壤中的微生物对盐生植物和耐盐植物的生长起着重要作用.本研究在盐碱地上选取玉米、棉花、盐地芦苇和盐地碱蓬这4种有代表性的植物,采集土壤样品,探究植物根系与非根系主要细菌群落与土壤理化性质和盐碱土壤微生物多样性的关系.结果表明,盐地碱蓬的根系微生物在一定程度上影响了土壤的pH,土壤中的盐度与土壤营养物质呈明显的负相关关系.所有土壤样品中相对丰度较高的前5个细菌门均为变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门.其中,棉花、芦苇和盐地碱蓬中根系土壤与非根系土壤耐盐菌门存在较大差异,分析高通量测序结果可以得出3种植物根系与非根系土壤中差异较大的耐盐细菌属,如棉花土壤中差异较大的Actinophytocola和Lechevalieria,芦苇土壤中差异较大的Bacillus和Filobacillus,以及盐地碱蓬土壤中的Echinicola.本研究可为盐碱地中接种促进植物生长的微生物提供理论依据.     

Influence of stabilizers on the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles introduced into natural water

Physical, chemical and biochemical properties of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) depend to a great extent on their size, shape, size distribution, and stabilizers located on their surface. This study focused on two typical stabilizers, namely citrates(cit), low molecular ions protecting nanoparticles by electrostatic repulsion, and polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), a hydrophilic, neutral, high molecular polymer protecting nanoparticles by steric stabilization. Natural bacterioplankton was collected from a eutrophic, downtown lake and exposed to five concentrations(0.1–5 mg/L) of AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit. Responses were monitored after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of exposure, by evaluating the survival rate of bacteria, their respiratory activity, and the general activity of extracellular esterases. A significantly better(greater) survival rate of bacterioplankton was observed in water with an addition of AgNPs-cit. The inhibition of extracellular esterases was observed only in samples containing AgNPs-PVP. The inhibitory effect increased proportionally to the concentration of AgNPs-PVP applied. Within the studied concentration range, there was no statistically significant inhibition of bacterioplankton respiratory activity by AgNPs-PVP and AgNPs-cit.     

Hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates

The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates （AASs） were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer. AAS particles do not exhibit a deliquescence phenomenon and show a monotonic increase in diameter as the relative humidity （RH） ascends. Hygroscopic growth factors （GFs） for 40, 100 and 150 nm alkylaminium sulfate particles do not show an apparent Kelvin effect when RH is less than 45%, whereas GFs of the salt aerosols increase with initial particle size when RH is higher than 45%. Calculation using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson mixing rule suggests that hygroscopic growth of triethylaminium sulfate-ammonium sulfate mixtures is non-deliquescent, occurring at very low RH, implying that the displacement of ammonia by amine will significantly enhance the hygroscopicity of （NH4）2SO4 aerosols. In addition, light extinction of AAS particles is a combined effect of both scattering and absorption under dry conditions, but is dominated by scattering under wet conditions.     

活性焦烟气脱硫技术的探讨

本文主要介绍了活性焦的微晶结构、微孔结构、活性焦性能、活性焦烟气脱硫技术工艺及特点。该技术具有流程简单、净化效果好、排烟温度高、节水、不产生二次污染、可回收硫资源等优点。活性焦烟气脱硫技术符合我国国情和经济可持续发展的要求,应加快推广应用,解决我国大气污染的同时回收宝贵的硫资源。     

西北干旱区农田土壤磁性特征及其环境意义

为探究环境磁学方法在西北干旱区农田土壤污染监测中的可行性,以典型绿洲农业区张掖市(临泽县、甘州区、民乐县和山丹县)为研究区域,采集农田土壤样品102份并对其进行系统的环境磁学分析.结果表明,张掖市农田土壤磁性特征以亚铁磁性的磁铁矿为主导,磁晶颗粒主要为粗粒假单畴(PSD)和多畴(MD),颗粒等效粒径介于0.2~1μm之间;样品磁化率(χlf)变化范围为22.27×10~(-8)~188.36×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),平均值为63.85×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),磁性矿物含量总体较少但空间变化较大;磁参数空间分布表明,磁性矿物含量在甘州区、民乐县和山丹县高于临泽县,并在甘州区的中部、民乐县的西南边和山丹县的西边呈现相对高值;甘州区中部的磁性高值主要受控于工业生产等人类活动,民乐县西南边和山丹县西边的磁性高值主要与较强的自然成土作用有关.综合多种磁学参数的系统分析能够有效区分和划定农田土壤人为污染范围,为农田土壤污染防治工作提供依据.     

添加稳定剂对尾矿土中砷形态及转换机制的影响

土壤中As的不同存在形态影响着其毒性、可移动性、生物有效性,且产生不同的环境影响.本研究以粉煤灰、干化污泥、硫酸亚铁、碎花生壳为稳定剂,探讨其对土壤As的稳定化效果以及p H、有机质和阳离子交换量与土壤As形态的关系.结果表明添加稳定剂后,土壤p H及有机质含量上升,残渣态砷含量升高.添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥后,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰氧化物结合态As、有机结合态As分别下降了34.2%、17.5%、19.9%、53.7%,并转化为残渣态As,其含量增长了1.14%.当同时添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥和1%硫酸亚铁后,土壤中可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰氧化物结合态As、有机结合态As含量的降幅分别为62.3%、55.2%、29.6%、58.2%,残渣态As含量增加8.1%.添加10%粉煤灰、10%干化污泥、1%硫酸亚铁和1%粉碎花生壳后,可交换态As下降最显著,最大降幅为73.3%.施用适量的粉煤灰、干化污泥、硫酸亚铁能使土壤中的可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态As的一部分转化为残渣态As,降低其毒性.提高p H,残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降,As在接近中性的环境中稳定性最好;提高有机质含量,碳酸盐结合态As与残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降,有机结合态As含量下降明显;阳离子交换量上升,残渣态As含量上升,可交换态As、碳酸盐结合态As、铁锰结合态As、有机结合态As含量下降.