Agro-waste biosorbents: Effect of physico-chemical properties on atrazine and imidacloprid sorption

Low cost agro-waste biosorbents namely eucalyptus bark (EB), corn cob (CC), bamboo chips (BC), rice straw (RS) and rice husk (RH) were characterized and used to study atrazine and imidacloprid sorption. Adsorption studies suggested that biosorbents greatly varied in their pesticide sorption behaviour. The EB was the best biosorbent to sorb both atrazine and imidacloprid with K_F values of 169.9 and 85.71, respectively. The adsorption isotherm were nonlinear in nature with slope (1/n) values <1. The Freundlich constant Correlating atrazine/imidacloprid sorption parameter [K_F.(1/n)] with the physicochemical properties of the biosorbents suggested that atrazine adsorption correlated significantly to the aromaticity, polarity, surface area, fractal dimension, lacunarity and relative C-O band intensity parameters of biosorbents. Probably, both physisorption and electrostatic interactions were responsible for the pesticide sorption. The eucalyptus bark can be exploited as low cost adsorbent for the removal of these pesticides as well as a component of on-farm biopurification systems.     

北洛河流域植物多样性地理格局与环境关系

通过野外调查和历史文献及标本统计分析,确定并分析北洛河流域种子植物信息数据.结果表明：该区共有种子植物123科581属1671种,占黄土高原种子植物的83.67%、67.24%、51.83%,集中分布于大型科（>50种）、较大科（21~50种）和单种属（1种）、小型属（2~5种）内.11个干流流经的地理单元植物相似性聚类分为5组,较早分离的是黄龙县,最大类因子午岭山脉连接而包含4个地理单元（富县、合水县、宜君县、黄陵县）.富县、合水县和黄龙县植物丰富度SD值最高,洛川县、华池县和甘泉县SD值最低.该区地理成分在属级水平上有15个分布区类型16个变型,以温带分布及其变型为主（287属,占49.40%）,并与热带分布及其变型联系紧密（115属,占19.79%）,植物丰富度SD值与温带成分显著正相关;黄陵县、洛川县、黄龙县R/T值最高,热带性质最强,华池县、定边县R/T值最低,热带性质最弱.R/T值受海拔影响,随温度和降水从东南向西北递减.该区植物起源古老,分化程度高,物种多样性丰富,地理成分复杂,是重要的植物种质资源库.植物物种多样性地带性格局过渡性明显,体现出这些类群的生态位需求.需加强保护该区原生环境和植物,合理开发利用,可选择6大优势科（菊科、禾本科、蔷薇科、豆科、唇形科和毛茛科）中适地适树适草的物种（温带性质）,进行植被恢复和水土流失治理.     

两种生物炭对烤烟生长、根际土壤性质和微生物群落结构的影响

为探明生物炭对烤烟生长影响的作用机理,选取小麦秸秆炭(WB)和烟杆炭(TB)为试验材料,以不添加生物炭处理CK为对照,采用盆栽试验,研究两种生物炭对团颗期烟草的农艺性状和根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明:与CK处理相比,WB和TB处理烟草的地上部干重分别增加4.4和4.7倍,土壤硝态氮含量分别降低64.7%和47.6%,脱氢酶活性降低56.4%和48.7%.WB和TB两处理土壤细菌和真菌的Shannon和Simpson多样性指数及Chao1丰富度指数均显著降低,细菌的OTUs数分别显著减小20.6%和18.0%,真菌的OTUs数分别显著减小53.8%和77.4%.细菌优势菌种中,WB处理放线菌门相对丰度提高69.5%,TB处理Saccharibacteria的丰度提高129.7%,WB和TB处理疣微菌门丰度分别降低37.6%和40.9%.真菌优势菌种中,TB处理子囊菌门丰度提高133.8%,WB和TB处理接合菌门的丰度分别降低87.5%和92.9%.通过β多样性分析可知,烟杆炭对烤烟根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响大于小麦秸秆炭.     

金属离子污染砂土复电阻率的时变特征及形成机制

为研究不同污染情况下土壤复电阻率的时间变异特征及控制机制,设计了人工砂土和水2种不同的介质作对照,以NaCl、MnCl₂和模拟海水作为污染物分别模拟海水入侵和金属离子污染场景,测量10⁰~10³Hz范围内的相位变化并观测其时变特性.结果显示,无论在纯液相介质中还是在土壤介质中,相位值都随着污染物浓度的增大而减小,随频率的增大而增大.随着污染物浓度的变化,土壤介质中的相位比水相介质中更加敏感.在土壤和水的背景环境下,通入1g/L的NaCl溶液,在1Hz条件下测量,土壤相位下降了约42%,而水相介质几乎看不出相位变化.针对固定频率进行多次测量的结果表明,水相介质中的相位值稳定而土壤介质中的相位值在中高频段（>16Hz）表现出了明显的时变特征,这种时变性也随着污染物浓度的增大而减小.在10²Hz时,测得沙柱背景值的相位浮动范围在-4.05~-11.67mrad,方差达到4.8,而在水相溶液中方差仅为0.09.复电阻率法对金属离子污染土壤的反应很灵敏,有较好的指示意义,其参数变化主要与孔隙水中金属离子含量有关.但由于多相介质的相界面特征以及孔隙结构的复杂性,使得交变电流下电荷载流子在介质中的迁移极化规律混乱,造成相位波动.     

黄土区植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响

以黄土区延河流域为研究区域,研究了近40a来植被恢复对土壤容重、孔隙度和饱和导水率等13个土壤物理性质指标的影响.结果表明：随着植被恢复年限增加,土壤容重降低,而土壤孔隙度、>0.25mm团聚体含量、持水性和入渗性能等增大.但在40a内对土壤质地无显著影响.植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响随恢复年限的增加而增强,随着土层深度的增加而减弱.土壤的容重、>0.25mm团聚体含量和饱和导水率可作为植被恢复生态效应评价的主要物理指标.由于水分等条件的限制,该区柠条林和草地对土壤物理性质的改善优于刺槐林,建议该区植被恢复应以营造次生灌木林和草地为主.     

全基因组重测序研究长期铬胁迫对希瓦氏菌MR-1的影响机制

在实验室纯培养条件下,设计了希瓦氏菌MR-1在恒定浓度Cr（VI）和Cr（Ⅲ）环境中长期胁迫120d实验,探讨了胁迫后的菌株对Cr（VI）的还原能力和生长情况,采用电化学分析仪表征其电化学性质的变化,并且利用全基因组重测序技术分析了不同条件胁迫后不同阶段的菌株基因变异信息.结果表明,Cr（VI）长期胁迫下明显提高了菌株对Cr（VI）的耐受性和还原能力,在38h左右能完全还原初始Cr（VI）浓度55mg/L;在电位-0.2V还原峰附近,细胞色素c与核黄素的结合作用有明显差异;通过重测序结果发现,Cr（VI）长期胁迫下的菌株发生突变的基因点位明显高于Cr（Ⅲ）环境.Cr（Ⅲ）环境胁迫下的非同义突变基因主要集中在葡萄糖转化及合成相关功能的基因、编码呼吸链酶和合成ATP酶的相关基因、编码信号转导和跨膜转运蛋白相关基因,Cr（VI）环境胁迫120d后,主要涉及细胞膜组分基因,转运蛋白、信号转导相关基因,DNA合成、修复相关基因和氧化还原活性相关.     

Al-Zn-In系铝合金牺牲阳极电化学性能研究

目的研究三种不同成分Al-Zn-In系铝合金牺牲阳极在常规海水环境中的电化学性能。方法使用牺牲阳极电流效率测试和表面形貌观察等方法。结果三种不同成分铝合金牺牲阳极的电流效率均超过了90%,其中成分3的阳极表面溶解最均匀,呈现均匀溶解形貌,并且未见明显的腐蚀坑和晶间腐蚀现象。结论Al-Zn-In系铝合金牺牲阳极中,加入一定量的In、Zn和适量的Si,可以提高牺牲阳极的电化学性能,三种不同成分Al-Zn-In系铝合金牺牲阳极中,成分3牺牲阳极具有最优异的电化学性能。     

海洋大气环境对铝合金电连接器壳体腐蚀及电气性能影响

目的研究海洋大气环境对2A12和6061铝合金电连接器性能的影响。方法开展2A12和6061铝合金电连接器在海南万宁试验站4 a棚下暴露试验,通过宏微观形貌观察和电气性能测试对比分析两种铝合金电连接器壳体的腐蚀差异和电气性能变化。结果两种铝合金电连接器壳体均出现镀层鼓泡、剥落和基体腐蚀,6061铝合金电连接器壳体腐蚀程度高于2A12铝合金电连接器。2A12铝合金基体发生点蚀和晶间腐蚀,6061铝合金基体发生剥蚀,基体腐蚀产物堆积,导致镀镍层开裂剥落,进而失去防护作用。相对于导通性能、耐压强度,电连接器的绝缘电阻对海洋大气环境更为敏感。结论铝合金化学镀镍壳体电连接器在热带海洋大气环境下不适宜长期使用。     

Effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances in anaerobic digested sludge

The composition and effects of solution conditions on the physicochemical properties of the stratification components of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic digested sludge were determined. The total EPS in anaerobic digested sludge were extracted by the cation exchange resin method. Another EPS extraction method, the centrifugation and sonication technique was employed to stratify the EPS into three fractions: slime, loosely bound (LB)-EPS, and tightly bound (TB)-EPS from the outside to the inside of the anaerobic digested sludge. Proteins and polysaccharides were dispersed uniformly across the different EPS fractions, and humic-like substances were mainly partitioned in the slime, with TB-EPS second. Protein was the major constituent of the LB-EPS and TB-EPS, and the corresponding ratios ranged from 54.0% to 65.6%. The hydrophobic part in the EPS chemical components was primarily comprised of protein and DNA, while the hydrophilic part was mainly composed of polysaccharide. In the slime, the hydrophobic values of several EPS chemical components (protein, polysaccharide, humic-like substances and DNA) were all below 50%. The protein/polysaccharide ratio had a significant influence on the Zeta potentials and isoelectric point values of the EPS: the greater the protein/polysaccharide ratio of the EPS was, the greater the Zeta potential and the higher the isoelectric point value were. All Zeta potentials of the EPS showed a decreasing trend with increasing pH. The corresponding isoelectric point values (pH) were 2.8 for total EPS, 2.2 for slime, 2.7 for LB-EPS, and 2.6 for TB-EPS. As the ionic strength increased, the Zeta potentials sharply increased and then gradually became constant without charge reversal. In addition, as the temperature increased (< 40°C), the apparent viscosity of the EPS decreased monotonically and then gradually became stable between 40 and 60°C.     

上海地区不同类和不同强度灰霾季节分布特征

主要采用美国宇航局(NASA)2007年1月-2010年11月CALIPSO卫星搭载的正交极化云-气溶胶激光雷达(CALIOP)L1产品及地面气象观测资料,分析得到上海地区干霾和湿霾、不同强度灰霾天气的季节分布特征,并重点研究了发生干霾时气溶胶散射强度、粒子规则性和尺度大小随季节的变化规律。结果表明:灰霾的发生具有较明显的季节性,春季为干霾高发期,其次是夏冬季;夏冬两季轻度以上干霾发生比例均大于春季与秋季;大气中主要以小尺度、较规则的气溶胶粒子为主;干霾时,气溶胶粒子和不同量级色比值所占比例季节变化不大;夏季发生干霾时小尺度粒子所占比例最大。