Conversion of a Missouri River Dam and Reservoir to a Sustainable System: Sediment Management1

Abstract: A present and future challenge for water resources engineers is to extend the useful life of our dams and reservoirs. Ongoing reservoir sedimentation in impoundments must be addressed; sedimentation in many reservoirs already limits project benefits and effective project life. Sustainability requires that incoming sediment be moved downstream past the impounding dam. We use Lewis and Clark Lake, the most downstream of the six Missouri River main stem reservoirs, to demonstrate how a reservoir in advanced stages of its project life could be converted to a sustainable system with local benefits exceeding costs by a factor of 1.5. Full consideration of benefits would further enhance project justification. The proposed strategy involves four phases that will take about 50 years to complete. Cost estimates for this potential project range from the quantitative to the plausible, but it is clear that the results justify a full engineering, environmental, and economic study of this model project. If implemented, the project will create scientific knowledge and develop technologies useful for achieving sustainability at many other reservoirs in the Mississippi River basin and beyond.     

三峡水库补水调度对东洞庭湖典型沉水植物生境适宜性的影响

沉水植物是东洞庭湖水生态修复的重要物种,水深是影响沉水植物生长的关键因子之一。为定量描述三峡水库不同补水调度方式对东洞庭湖典型沉水植物生长生境的影响,以刺苦草（Vallisneria spinulosa）为目标物种,利用物理栖息地模型建立三峡水库补水调度期间不同出库流量与东洞庭湖刺苦草生长生境加权可利用面积（WUA）的关系。结果表明：刺苦草生长生境的适宜水深为0.2~1.8 m,最适宜水深为0.5~1.0 m;三峡水库实施补水调度后,东洞庭湖刺苦草生长生境的WUA整体呈现均匀上升趋势;三峡水库补水调度期间,出库流量为5 500~10 500 m³/s时,刺苦草生长生境最适宜水深范围对应的WUA呈现先增后减趋势,在出库流量为9 500 m³/s时WUA最大（74.46 km²）,可认为刺苦草生长最适宜出库流量为8 500~10 500 m³/s。研究成果可为通过三峡水库生态调度进行东洞庭湖水生态环境恢复及保护提供参考。

     

冀西北黄土丘陵沟壑区梯田地埂植物篱的固埂作用与效益分析

经对张家口地区梯田地埂植物篱的研究表明 ,其固埂作用非常显著 ,且能够改善土壤的理化性状及水分状况 ,有效地拦蓄地表径流及泥沙 ,提高作物产量 ,具有明显的经济效益 ,在当地具有很广泛的推广应用价值     

岷江柏林下土壤物理性质及其地理空间差异

对现存岷江柏分布区土壤物理性质的空间差异性研究表明 ,土壤容重理县居群最小 ,最大的为茂县居群 ,理县居群与茂县、马尔康、丹巴居群间有显著性差异 .土壤总孔隙理县居群较大 ,但其孔隙组成中毛管孔隙与非毛管孔隙比 (CP NCP)较小 ;金川、小金、马尔康和丹巴居群虽土壤总孔隙不大 ,但其孔隙组成较合理 ;茂县居群土壤总孔隙小 ,非毛管孔隙数量又大 .土壤持水量直接与土壤孔隙状况有关 ,最大持水量和毛管持水量理县居群最大 ,茂县居群土最小 ,茂县居群土壤持水量与其它居群间有显著性差异 .土壤自然含水量是土壤孔隙状况与持水能力的综合体现 ,0～ 2 0cm层土壤自然水量顺序为 :丹巴 >金川 >小金 >理县 >马尔康 >茂县 ,茂县居群与其它居群土壤自然含水量有显著性差异 .建议在干旱河谷区实施造林规划时 ,选择土体较稳定、人为干扰少、种植初期有水源保障的阴坡或半阴坡 .图 5表 3参 2 4     

Biodegradability: An assessment of commercial polymers according to the Canadian method for anaerobic conditions

The degradation of several biodegradable polymers was measured as a result of exposure to an anaerobic medium. The polymers investigated included materials based upon polylactic acid, polylactone, and poly(hydroxy butyrate/valerate) as well as those incorporating starch-based materials. The degradation was monitored by methane and carbon dioxide evolution. In addition, the physical and chemical changes were noted as a result of exposure. These measurements included changes in mass, dimension, and molecular weight. FTIR, UV-vis, proton, and¹³C NMR spectra were also recorded prior to and after exposure. The results clearly indicated that several biological and chemical degradation processes were occurring with the biodegradable polymers studied.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Second National Meeting, August 19–21, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.Issued as NRCC No. 37549.     

Fenton试剂催化氧化--混凝法处理焦化废水的实验研究

用Fenton试剂结合自制聚硅硫酸铝对焦化废水进行了催化氧化—混凝试验研究 ,选择了最佳的工作条件。结果表明 ,经氧化—混凝处理后废水的COD从 1 1 73mg/L降至 38.2mg/L ,去除率达 96 .7%。研究中还发现 ,Fenton试剂具有将废水的 pH值调节为 2 .5～ 3的特性 ,为该工艺实际处理焦化废水提供了科学依据     

物理场水处理器的应用与分类研究

笔者在物理场水处理器的组成结均和作用原理的基础上,依据相关国家行业标准,将其分成了三大类,并对各类物理场水处理器作了简要的说明。其中,重点阐述了电子式水处理器的分类、命名、原理、组成结构及选用安装要求等。     

基于高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺的工程案例

以银川市某水厂为例,评估高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺的工程应用效果。结果表明,高效絮凝沉淀池与翻板滤池组合工艺能够适应较大水质波动,具有一定抗冲击负荷能力。其浊度去除率和高锰酸盐指数 (以COD_Mn计) 去除率较高,出水水质满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》 (GB/T5749-2006) 。通过调整排泥量和污泥回流比,能够有效解决沉淀池泥位超标问题。根据翻板滤池的过滤负荷和滤水阀门的开度调整反冲洗周期,能够提高过滤效率,节约电耗。少量无烟煤滤料的流失对翻板滤池出水浊度无影响。本研究结果可为低温低浊水处理工程提供设计经验和工程案例参考。     

对建立我国可持续发展指标的一点思考

传统的发展指标体系（如ＧＮＰ）存在着忽视环境的问题，导致经济与环境不能协调发展，因此建立一个能评价与测度可持续发展的指标体系显得尤为重要。本文探讨了建立可持续发展指标体系的几种方法，并分析了各个方法的优点与缺点。针对我国实际，我们认为建立可持续发展指标体系是一个多层次动态规划过程，应基于在关键自然实物量核算的基础上，从物理性指标向货币性指标过渡，将无量纲方法与有量纲方法结合运用。     

江西华齐铜多金属矿区含矿硅质岩的地球化学特征及成因探讨

矿产远景地质调查过程中,在江西华齐铜多金属矿区发现含矿硅质岩.测试分析显示,区内硅质岩贫Al2O3、TiO2,Co、Cr等元素含量低,贫∑REE,δ(Eu)为负异常,δ(Ce)为弱正异常,HREE相对富集等热水沉积物的特征.在判别硅质岩形成的系列图解上,样品均指示热水沉积作用和大陆边缘环境,这与SiO2/Al2O3、SiO2/(K2O+Na2O)、SiO2/MgO、MnO/TiO2、K/Rb等特征值所指示的结果相一致.本区硅质岩地球化学特征及其对比结果说明该区域构造演化的复杂性.在元古代华南海槽构造演化中在华夏地块边缘发生断裂拉张,形成断陷盆地,并发生了热水喷流沉积成岩成矿作用.本区硅质岩与成矿关系密切,研究硅质岩对于认识区域构造演化及寻找矿化体具有重要意义.