江西丰城生态硒谷土壤硒有效性及其影响因素

为了解丰城市生态硒谷土壤的供硒能力及其影响因素,通过实地调查采样,对丰城生态硒谷96个0~20 cm耕层土壤样品中硒含量、形态分布、重金属含量及部分土壤理化性质进行研究,并探讨与土壤硒有效性的关系。结果表明,该地区土壤全硒质量比变幅(541~831μg/kg)达到富硒土壤标准。易被生物利用的水溶态硒和可交换态硒质量比较少且在不同土壤样品中差异较大,变幅分别为10.30~38.23μg/kg和10.68~38.45μg/kg,且与土壤全硒有一定的相关性。土壤全硒、不同土地利用方式和土壤理化性质均对土壤硒的有效性产生影响,其中稻田土壤的供硒能力大于旱地,全P和速效P均与水溶态硒呈极显著正相关,在土壤硒有效性一定的条件下,全硒含量较高的土壤能够向作物提供较多的有效硒。     

Determination of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water and suspended particulate matter in the river Elbe and North Sea, Germany

The distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the dissolved and particulate phase and their discharge from the river Elbe into the North Sea were studied. The PFCs quantified included C₄-C₈ perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), C₆ and C₈ perfluorinated sulfinates (PFSiAs), C₄-C₁₂ perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-3,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (3,7m₂-PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and n-ethyl perfluroctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE). PFCs were mostly distributed in the dissolved phase, where perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated with 2.9–12.5 ng/L. In the suspended particulate matter FOSA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed the highest concentrations (4.0 ng/L and 2.3 ng/L, respectively). The total flux of ΣPFCs from the river Elbe was estimated to be 802 kg/year for the dissolved phase and 152 kg/year for the particulate phase. This indicates that the river Elbe acts as a source of PFCs into the North Sea. However, the concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in the North Sea were higher than that in the river Elbe, thus an alternative source must exist for these compounds.     

城市居民小区双水源中水回用研究初探——以苏州为例

结合苏州本地的实际情况,提出在居民小区中将屋面雨水和优质杂排水作为小区中水回用的双水源,并采用物化法作为核心处理工艺。同时,以苏州城区范围内15个居民小区的水量调查为依据,论证了双水源中水回用工艺的可行性。     

Extrinsic modeling and simulation of helio-photovoltaic system: a case of single diode model

Simulation of helio-photovoltaic system is continuously undergoing revolution through diverse parameter modifications which closely mimic the experimental data. In retrospect, the current work has presented a nonlinear modification of equivalent circuit parameters and simulated the same for different semiconductors (crystalline and thin films); furthermore, established a mathematical relation between the coefficients of solar irradiance and module temperature (SIMT); moreover, investigated the influence of SIMT on the model parameters. The simulation upshot reveals that increment in solar irradiance (SI) intensifies the output current whereas an increase in module temperature (MT) diminishes the output voltage; the SIMT coefficients developed validated well with the manufacturers data; the influence of SI was evident on the photon current, diode current, and shunt resistance whereas the effect of MT was pronounced on the diode current, ideality factor, and shunt resistance. Thus, the provision made by this work is essential for advanced design and simulation of helio-photovoltaic systems.     

Fate and transport of the β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine hydrochloride in soil–water systems

The feed additive ractopamine hydrochloride was fortified at four concentrations into batch vials containing soils that differed in both biological activity and organic matter(OM).Sampling of the liquid layer for 14 days demonstrated that ractopamine rapidly dissipated from the liquid layer. Less than 20% of the fortified dose remained in the liquid layer after 4 hr,and recoveries of dosed ractopamine ranged from 8 to 18% in the liquid layer at 336 hr. Sorption to soil was the major fate for ractopamine in soil:water systems, i.e., 42%–51% of the dose at14 days. The major portion of the sorbed fraction was comprised of non-extractables; a smaller fraction of the sorbed dose was extracted into water and acetone, portions which would be potentially mobile in the environment. Partitioning coefficients for all soils suggested strong sorption of ractopamine to soil which is governed by hydrophobic interactions and cation exchange complexes within the soil OM. Ractopamine degradation was observed, but to mostly non-polar compounds which had a higher potential than ractopamine to sorb to soil. The formation of volatiles was also suggested. Therefore, despite rapid and extensive soil sorption,these studies indicated a portion of ractopamine, present in manures used to fertilize soils,may be mobile in the environment via water-borne events.     

内陆水体后向散射系数模拟研究

在利用半分析方法结合光学闭合原理模拟水体后向散射系数的过程中,参考波长的选择对最终结果有较大影响.为了得出最佳参考波长的影响因子,利用太湖、巢湖和滇池的野外实测数据,对后向散射系数进行模拟,进而分析水体的最佳参考波长与其对应的水质参数浓度之间的变化规律.同时,建立了太湖、巢湖和滇池水体的后向散射系数曲线的幂函数光谱模型,获得的光谱指数分别为2.643±0.317、 2.719±0.242、 1.638±0.534.结果表明：①以整个湖泊为研究对象时,最佳参考波长随着湖泊水体中总颗粒物浓度c_SPM、有机颗粒物浓度c_SPOM和叶绿素浓度c_CHL平均值的增大而向长波方向移动,太湖、巢湖和滇池水体的最佳参考波长分别为695、 720和730 nm;②以单个湖泊的各个样点为研究对象时,由于内陆湖泊光学特性的复杂性,最佳参考波长的影响因子存在一定差异,但c_SPM是一个共同的影响因子.此外,过高的c_CHL将削弱水质参数浓度与最佳参考波长间的规律性;③在以无机颗粒物为主的水体中,后向散射系数与总颗粒物浓度之间存在更好的相关性,如在太湖水体中,R²达到0.852.     

安全投入模型的研究

从安全投入产出分析的角度为安全投入决策提出一个新视角,相比于直接用生产函数等数学方法得到安全投入与安全产出的关系,通过软件分析得出各个要素与安全产出的关系,再进行拟合,最后得到安全产出回归方程,这样得到的分析结果更准确和可信。通过实例可以证明如果要确定安全投入要素之间的分配比例可以采用生产函数分析方法,如要预测安全产出可以采用根据散点图做出的回归方程。另外,在分析安全投入要素相对重要度时,因为各个投入要素的数量级和单位的不同,回归方程系数应选择标准化回归系数;要预测安全投入产生的安全产出则应采用非标准化回归系数。     

海岛非点源污染负荷估算方法研究

基于流域单元思想,提出一种非点源污染负荷估算方法：借助GIS提取模拟河网,识别流域边界,并划分汇水区和子流域,为流域非点源污染的估算提供基础的数据平台.在此基础上,与土地利用专题图叠加,计算各子流域内不同土地利用类型的面积,构建非点源负荷系统,利用各污染排放系数和入海系数,结合多年的降雨量,并引入坡度因子作为限制条件,估算污染负荷总量.结果显示,南长山岛非点源全氮、全磷年负荷量分别为11539kg和2025kg.氮污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 大气沉降> 土地利用> 畜禽养殖;磷污染中,各污染源强的贡献率依次为居民生活> 土地利用> 大气沉降> 畜禽养殖.基于此,探讨海岛地区非点源污染排放特征及对水环境质量影响,可为海岛地区污染物总量调控和环境健康发展提供一种技术方法.     

Multiphase redistribution differences of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between two successive sediment suspensions

Successive sediment suspensions often happen in estuary, yet little research has probed into the difference in the release behaviors of organic compounds among different suspensions. This study took polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as typical organic contaminants and investigated the release behaviors between two successive suspensions with a particle entrainment simulator (PES). Results showed that successive sediment suspensions lowered the concentration of dissolved PAHs in the overlying water via facilitating the re-adsorption of dissolved PAHs onto the suspended particles. Fast-release and slow-release periods of PAHs were successively observed in the both suspensions. The concentration changes of dissolved PAHs in the second suspension were generally similar with but hysteretic to those in the first suspension. More vigorous desorption and re-absorption of PAHs were induced in the second suspension. Successive sediment suspensions obviously decreased the concentrations of mineral composition and organic matters in the overlying water, which significantly affects multiphase distribution of PAHs.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区二噁英污染特征、相分配及暴露风险

选取南方某典型电子垃圾拆解区不同作业区为研究对象,重点研究了拆解地大气中二噁英的污染特征、气相-颗粒相分配及呼吸暴露风险。通过对5个采样点（包括1个背景点）的研究发现,电子垃圾拆解作业区颗粒相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：20.64-56.14 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.293-1.490 pg·m^-3;气相ΣPCDD/Fs的质量浓度为：3.861-19.29 pg·m^-3,毒性当量为：I-TEQ 0.384-2.150 pg·m^-3。背景点大气中二噁英浓度相对较低,颗粒相和气相样品中质量浓度值分别为：3.734 pg·m^-3和2.637 pg·m^-3,毒性当量仅为I-TEQ 0.176-0.267 pg·m^-3;要明显低于电子垃圾拆解区。基于污染物气相-颗粒相分配系数与蒸汽压的关系对二噁英的气-固分配行为研究显示,除了拆解混合作业区有较好的分配系数（-0.64）外,其它监测点位二噁英的气-固平衡状态较弱（-0.27--0.03）,更多的是以低分子量的单体化合物赋存于气相样品中。对拆解区二噁英呼吸暴露风险研究结果表明,儿童呼吸暴露风险要高于成年人;同时无论是儿童还是成年人,其二噁英的呼吸暴露量均要高于国内外城市报道的二噁英人体呼吸暴露量,说明本次监测的电子垃圾拆解区存在的潜在健康风险不容忽视。