碳酸氢钠对短带鞘藻-活性污泥共生体系在城镇污水脱氮除磷中的促进作用

藻菌共生技术在污水处理中具有高效低耗、资源可利用等特点.目前,我国城镇污水厂中进水COD普遍偏低,影响了出水一级A(GB 18918-2002)提标改造中脱氮除磷的效果.在构建短带鞘藻-活性污泥共生体系的基础上,采用补充外加碳源促进其对城镇污水的脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,短带鞘藻-活性污泥共生体系的优化工艺条件为藻菌干重...     

三峡库区典型流域水华暴发评价函数模型研究

藻类在光照充足时将无机磷酸和ADP转化为ATP以储备能量,外部条件改变时,则ATP可逆转换为ADP以释放能量.在此理论框架下根据三峡库区典型流域水华暴发时的现场监测数据研究了绿藻光合磷酸化的活化能ΔE、计算了库区流域中若干水系在不同水文条件下提供的有效能量Δe和综合营养指数TLI(Σ),并以ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)为参数构建了预测和判断不同水域环境中水华是否暴发的水华暴发评价函数F,在考虑外部因素和内部因素对水华暴发影响程度的大量计算和分析的基础上,确定了ΔE、Δe和TLI(Σ)的相关权重分别为a₁=0.3,a₂=0.3,a₃=0.4.模型计算和实地验证表明:F比单纯的TLI(Σ)作为水华暴发或者水体富营养化的判据更合理,更有说服力和更具普适性.     

Aquatic Plant and Dissolved Oxygen Changes in a Reference‐Condition Prairie Stream Subjected to Experimental Nutrient Enrichments

Effects of controlled nutrient additions on a prairie stream were studied using a before‐after‐control‐impact paired design. The site is in a reference condition with low soluble nitrate (NO₃) and phosphate (soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP]) in summer (3 μg NO₃‐N/L, 4 μg SRP/L). Nutrients were added to two reaches over the growing season at two levels (Low Dose — 39 μg NO₃‐N/L and 4.4 SRP/L; High Dose — 119 μg NO₃‐N/L and 15.6 μg SRP/L). Continuously measured dissolved oxygen (DO) and changes in aquatic flora were compared to an upstream Control. Enrichment led microalgae and filamentous algae to increase in density, areal coverage, and thickness, and the magnitude of the changes were largely concordant with dosing (more in the High Dose); algal growth also suppressed macrophytes in the High Dose. Enrichment caused significant increases in diel DO swings whose magnitudes were consistent with dosing level. In the High Dose, benthic algae flourished in the growing season and then senesced en masse in fall. The decomposing algae led DO to crash (ca. 0 mg/L on the bottom), but DO impacts were out‐of‐sync with peak algal growth and photosynthesis, which occurred weeks earlier. This finding provides a plausible explanation as to why high DO delta in streams impacts aquatic life even when concurrently measured DO is not low. When DO crashed, DO was longitudinally patchy, some areas having low DO near the bottom, others near saturation. Geomorphology and exposure to wind may have caused this pattern.     

滇池水体除藻材料的除藻作用试验研究

利用昆明地区的粘土矿制作新型轻质除藻材料,试验研究该材料对滇池湖水中藻类的除藻及净化作用.实验室小试(20 L)结果表明,该除藻材料放入滇池水样实验70 d后,水质明显好转,藻类去除率可达95.8%,CODMn、TN及TP的去除率分别为34.4%、81.5%、28.2%.在滇池湖边300 m2水面围栏扩大试验结果显示,除藻材料放入试验区水体10 d后,水体中藻类含量明显减少,水体透光率从55%增加到80%,水质状况也有很大改善.研究结果表明,该材料具有良好的湖泊水体除藻及净化作用,有必要对其开展进一步的深入研究.     

Composting of waste algae: A review

Although composting has been successfully used at pilot scale to manage waste algae removed from eutrophied water environments and the compost product applied as a fertiliser, clear guidelines are not available for full scale algae composting. The review reports on the application of composting to stabilize waste algae, which to date has mainly been macro-algae, and identifies the peculiarities of algae as a composting feedstock, these being: relatively low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, which can result in nitrogen loss as NH₃ and even N₂O; high moisture content and low porosity, which together make aeration challenging; potentially high salinity, which can have adverse consequence for composting; and potentially have high metals and toxin content, which can affect application of the product as a fertiliser. To overcome the challenges that these peculiarities impose co-compost materials can be employed.     

水源地藻类及藻毒素同时去除的效果及机制分析

利用组合载体对太湖梅梁湾水源地水体中藻类及藻毒素的同时去除试验表明:检测水源地水体中藻量、Chl-a、TMC的含量各为(31.67～78.27)×106个.L-1、32.58～102.67μg·L-1、1.79～11.97μg·L-1.在水力停留时间为7d、组合载体的密度为13.1%的条件下,组合载体AP对藻量的平均去除率达到了59.78%,对Chl-a的平均去除率达到了80.82%,对TMC-LR、TMC-RR、EMC-LR、EMC-RR的降解率最高能达到99.73%、97.10%、100%、75.44%.对其去除机制的研究表明,组合载体AP对总细菌的富集能力达到了8.3×1011～35.6×1011cells.g-1,比湖水本底值中细菌的总数高出了8～9个数量级.对除藻及藻毒素过程中的优势菌种,经过培养、分离,考察其形态、生理生化特性,利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、16S rRNA序列分析技术,经鉴定确认该优势菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和芽孢杆菌(Bacillussp.).组合载体AP上富集的大量微生物,它们的协同降解作用是去除藻及藻毒素的主要作用机制.     

The role of phosphorus in the metabolism of arsenate by a freshwater green alga, Chlorella vulgaris

A freshwater microalga, Chlorella vulgaris, was grown in the presence of varying phosphate concentrations( 10–500 μg/L P) and environmentally realistic concentrations of arsenate(As(Ⅴ))(5–50 μg/L As). Arsenic speciation in the culture medium and total cellular arsenic were measured using AEC-ICP-MS and ICP-DRC-MS, respectively, to determine arsenic biotransformation and uptake in the various phosphorus scenarios. At high phosphate concentration in the culture medium, 100 μg/L P, the uptake and biotransformation of As(Ⅴ) was minimal and dimethylarsonate(DMAs(Ⅴ)) was the dominant metabolite excreted by C. vulgaris, albeit at relatively low concentrations. At common environmental P concentrations, 0–50 μg/L P, the uptake and biotransformation of As(Ⅴ) increased. At these higher As-uptake levels, arsenite(As(Ⅲ)) was the predominant metabolite excreted from the cell. The concentrations of As(Ⅲ) in these low P conditions were much higher than the concentrations of methylated arsenicals observed at the various P concentrations studied. The switchover threshold between the(small) methylation and(large) reduction of As(Ⅴ) occurred around a cellular As concentration of 1 fg/cell. The observed nearly quantitative conversion of As(Ⅴ) to As(Ⅲ) under low phosphate conditions indicates the importance of As(Ⅴ) bio-reduction at common freshwater P concentrations. These findings on the influence of phosphorus on arsenic uptake, accumulation and excretion are discussed in relation to previously published research. The impact that the two scenarios of As(Ⅴ) metabolism, As(Ⅲ) excretion at high As(Ⅴ)-uptake and methylarsenical excretion at low As(Ⅴ)-uptake, have on freshwater arsenic speciation is discussed.     

太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化

针对2005年8月、11月及2006年2月,5月太湖31个采样点的水样,测定了其中黄质(chromophoric dissolved organic matier)和颗粒物的吸收系数.通过次氯酸钠漂白法及数值分离法,将颗粒物吸收系数分离为藻类颗粒物及非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数,并对2种结果进行了比较.同时分析了太湖水体介质吸收有效光合辐射能量的谱特征及其季节变化.结果表明,水体中的绝大部份光合有效辐射能量主要由黄质和非藻类颗粒物所获取,对夏季的400～473nm、秋季的400-461nm、冬季的400～476nm、春季的400～569nm的能量而言,黄质的吸收贡献大于非藻类颗粒物;而在其余波段中,非藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献相对较大.藻类颗粒物的吸收贡献谱在490nm、676nm左右处存在2个主峰区,620nm左右处存在一次峰区,且该次峰在夏、秋季尤为明显,春季次之,冬季最小.藻类的吸收贡献也呈现出较为明显的季节特征,夏季吸收贡献最大达到22.1%,平均为16.4%;秋季最大为18.4%,平均为13.1%;春季最大为15.1%,平均为9.7%;冬季最大为10.1%,平均为6.8%.由于太湖颗粒物的吸收系数主要由非藻类颗粒物决定,因而用次氯酸钠漂白法从中提取藻类颗粒物的吸收系数会造成较大的误差,而改进的数值分离法在此基础上有了一定的提高.     

周期性的温度扰动对藻类群落结构演替的影响

为了研究水库生境扰动对藻类水华的作用机制,以中度扰动理论为基础,结合藻类群落生境选择学说和藻类生态功能组,开展了不同温度扰动周期、相同扰动幅度下藻类多样性变化特性和群落结构演替特征的室内控制实验.结果表明:1适度的扰动会促进藻类的生长且增加其多样性.中度扰动组Δ22℃/48 h藻类生物量最大,但多样性最高,不存在绝对占优藻种,而高频次扰动组Δ22℃/24 h生物多样性较小,但可降低藻类生物量.2温度的周期性变化对浮游藻类群落的演替有明显的影响,优势种也呈现一定的差异性.藻类优势功能组演替基本规律为:X_1(小球藻)→J(栅藻)→S_1(席藻)或X_2(衣藻),群落结构呈现出C/CR型藻类先行占优向R型演替的趋势.高温扰动频繁时,R型藻类(S_1)明显占优;无扰动或低扰动时,群落结构组成特点以C/R策略为主.适度的扰动组Δ22℃/48 h形成了多种生长策略的藻类共存的格局,且耐受高温胁迫的S策略藻类(L_0)开始出现.     

Potential influence of overwintering benthic algae on water quality

Overwintering benthic algae not only directly impact drinking water safety, but also affect the algae recruitment in warm spring seasons. Thus, understanding the characteristics of overwintering benthic algae can provide scientific references for formulating preventative strategies of reasonable water resource. However, they have received less attention. In this study, the spatiotemporal variation of benthic algae and their harmful secondary metabolites were studied from autumn to summer in Qing...