Sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment: a review

Studies of radionuclides in the environment have entered a new era with the renaissance of nuclear energy and associated fuel reprocessing, geological disposal of high-level nuclear wastes, and concerns about national security with respect to nuclear non-proliferation. This work presents an overview on sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment, as well as a brief discussion of salient geochemical behavior of important radionuclides. We first discuss the following major anthropogenic sources and current developments that have lead, or could potentially contribute, to the radionuclide contamination of the environment: (1) nuclear weapons program; (2) nuclear weapons testing; (3) nuclear power plants; (4) uranium mining and milling; (5) commercial fuel reprocessing; (6) geological repository of high-level nuclear wastes that include radionuclides might be released in the future, and (7) nuclear accidents. Then, we briefly summarize the inventory of radionuclides ⁹⁹Tc and ¹²⁹I, as well as geochemical behavior for radionuclides ⁹⁹Tc, ¹²⁹I, and ²³⁷Np, because of their complex geochemical behavior, long half-lives, and presumably high mobility in the environment; biogeochemical cycling and environment risk assessment must take into account speciation of these redox-sensitive radionuclides.     

燃煤电厂的可吸入颗粒物排放

简要分析了燃煤过程中可吸入颗粒物的形成机理,指出燃煤电厂对可吸入颗粒物的贡献及目前控制可吸入颗粒物排放措施的局限性,提出电厂在脱硫的同时应控制可吸入颗粒物等污染物的排放。     

城市垃圾焚烧渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧EGSB处理效果的影响

研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器（EGSB）处理效果的影响,并采用静态实验方法考察了Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响。实验结果表明,进水COD为17000mg／L的条件下,当Ca2＋浓度低于6000mg／L时,EGSB对COD去除率达93％以上;当Ca2＋浓度高于6000mg／L时,COD去除率随运行时间明显下降,并在污泥中形成大量沉淀。静态实验结果表明,废水中低浓度Ca2＋促进了厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性,但高浓度Ca2＋明显抑制了其产甲烷活性,这是导致高Ca2＋浓度条件下EGSB对COD去除率降低的主要原因。研究表明,颗粒污泥产甲烷活性恢复程度随Ca2＋浓度增加而减弱。     

活性焦吸附对反渗透浓水膜蒸馏减排工艺的影响

本研究采用膜蒸馏(MD)技术,对煤化工废水2套处理工艺——(1)"混凝-超滤(UF)-反渗透(RO)工艺"和(2)"混凝-活性焦(AC)吸附-超滤-反渗透工艺"的RO浓水进行浓缩。通过对比分析MD的膜通量、产水水质以及膜污染等指标,重点考察AC吸附预处理对后续MD工艺的影响。结果表明,AC吸附作为前置膜处理工艺,可有效降低污染物在膜表面的沉积,减少膜润湿现象,并提高膜通量。GC-MS分析表明,AC能有效吸附废水中的酮类、醇类、酯类以及杂环类等挥发性有机物,降低MD过程中挥发至产水侧的有机物浓度,从而提高MD产水水质。     

烟气多污染物系统一体化控制技术的研究

简要论述了燃煤烟气多污染物一体化控制技术,重点研究了系统一体化控制技术,采用该技术可以在燃煤电厂现有烟气治理装置基础上实现节能降耗。分析多污染物系统一体化控制技术方案,包括技术路线图、全流程模拟和DCS集成联锁及智能化控制,并介绍了系统一体化控制技术在贵州某电厂2×660 MW机组的示范应用。     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products found in the Great Lakes above concentrations of environmental concern

The monitoring of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) has focused on the distribution in rivers and small lakes, but data regarding their occurrence and effects in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, are sparse. Wastewater treatment processes have not been optimized to remove influent PPCPs and are a major source of PPCPs in the environment. Furthermore, PPCPs are not currently regulated in wastewater effluent. In this experiment we evaluated the concentration, and corresponding risk, of PPCPs from a wastewater effluent source at varying distances in Lake Michigan. Fifty-four PPCPs and hormones were assessed on six different dates over a two-year period from surface water and sediment samples up to 3.2 km from a wastewater treatment plant and at two sites within a harbor. Thirty-two PPCPs were detected in Lake Michigan and 30 were detected in the sediment, with numerous PPCPs being detected up to 3.2 km away from the shoreline. The most frequently detected PPCPs in Lake Michigan were metformin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan. To determine the ecological risk, the maximum measured environmental concentrations were compared to the predicted no-effect concentration and 14 PPCPs were found to be of medium or high ecological risk. The environmental risk of PPCPs in large lake systems, such as the Great Lakes, has been questioned due to high dilution; however, the concentrations found in this study, and their corresponding risk quotient, indicate a significant threat by PPCPs to the health of the Great Lakes, particularly near shore organisms.     

Application of different chromatographic techniques and chemometric analysis in authenticity testing of plant protection products containing azoxystrobin as an active substance

Azoxystrobin (methyl(2E)-2-{2-[6-(2-cyanophenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yloxy] phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate) is an active ingredient used to protect crops against fungal diseases. The experience of the Polish control laboratory indicates relatively frequent cases of counterfeit plant protection products (PPPs) containing this active substance. The present study aimed to use chemometric methods to model chemical fingerprints obtained by different chromatographic techniques to verify the original formulation of PPPs containing the active substance azoxystrobin. The pesticides used in the study came from different sources (including stores and warehouses), were manufactured at a different time and came from different production batches. The results obtained with the HPLC-DAD and HS-GC-MS techniques were then modeled using principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) classifier. The proposed approach has been confirmed as useful for verifying the authenticity of PPPs and can be used in the routine control testing of SC pesticides containing azoxystrobin.     

La—Gly—VB6对Pb—Cd复合胁迫下植物的影响

研究Pb-Cd复合污染对5种树木叶片的生理伤害和La-Gly-VB6对Pb-Cd污染胁迫的缓解作用。实验结果表明,La-Gly-VB6能明显减轻Pb-Cd污染造成的植物叶片叶绿素含量下降、质膜透性增加,过氧化氢酶活性改变和Pb富集量上升。说明La-Gly-VB6对Pb-Cd污染胁迫具有一定的防护作用。     

植物空间分布的多样性及其度量

分析了23个物种多样性指数公式的取值范围和值域变化,发现它们可以分为3种类型即递增型、递减型和不定型.确定分布区中心或分布式样的中心可用递增型物种多样性指数公式,如Simpson(2),Simpson(3)/Gini,Simpson(5)/PIE,Shannon.Weaver和McIntosh等,据其平均值即可确定分布区中心或分布式样中心.用综合参数d;和Shannon-Weaver指数及其等级多样性与均匀度指数研究了我国裸子植物分布.结果表明,中国裸子植物综合丰度基本上自云贵川西南三省向四周辐射状递减,多样性指数也是自西南或华南向其它地区递减;均匀度指数变化规律不明显,但总的是我国东半部较高,热带与温带性质的交汇过渡地带是云贵川三者.     

几种统计学方法在环境影响因子辨识中的应用

分析比较了相关分析法、多元线性回归法与逐步回归法在环境影响因子辨识中的功能异同点。以甘肃省白银市为例 ,用 3种统计学方法对城郊土壤 -作物系统重金属污染影响因子进行判别 ,提出了研究区土壤污染修复方案选择指标的建议