83家井工煤矿在岗农民工尘肺病现状调查及预防对策研究

为调查井工煤矿在岗农民工尘肺病防治现状并提出对策措施,采用分层整群抽样调查方法对4省（市）的83家井工煤矿进行调研,调查内容包括:职业卫生管理现状、职业健康监护与尘肺病诊断资料、X线胸片、农民工基本情况、职业卫生知识知晓情况、社会保险待遇等。调查结果显示:83家井工煤矿的职业病危害防治工作领导小组设置率和管理制度制定率均为100%,但制度内容和职业卫生培训缺乏针对性;粉尘危害防治费用平均为吨煤0.18元/月;采煤和掘进工作面的总尘浓度约为1.02～49.5 mg/m3;在岗检查时,农民工肺部异常的检出率高于正式工,在岗农民工疑似尘肺病检出率为7.94%,农民工尘肺病平均发病工龄14.47 a±6.79 a,平均发病年龄42.56岁±5.80岁,与正式工相比,农民工发病工龄短、发病年龄小。因此,建议政府从法规标准建设、探索职业健康责任险、加大监管力度等方面,企业从强化主体责任意识、源头治理及农民工职业卫生培训等方面,加强农民工尘肺病的防治工作。     

Reconstructed mass-spectrometric pattern for characterization of carbon compounds in smoker's lung in situ

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke is a major anthropogenic pollutant and contributes to the permanent load of ambient particulate matter in the air, particularly indoors. It is the leading risk factor for premature loss of life due to chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer. Smoker's lung and graphite pneumoconiosis are pathological states characterized by the deposition of carbonaceous particles. METHODS: Mass spectrometry was used to evaluate unstained lung sections obtained in vivo from a heavy smoker and a patient with occupationally acquired graphite pneumoconiosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The composition of carbon compounds deposited in lung tissue samples is demonstrated here for the first time. Thirty carbonaceous-containing microareas from ten biopsies (three areas per biopsy) of lung tissues were analyzed mass-spectrometrically. In each case, the samples were taken from a smoker's lung or those demonstrating a graphite pneumoconiosis. The lung-tissue samples were selected by light microscopy before they were evaporated for mass spectrometry. First-order criteria were anionic and cationic mass peaks which occur within the mass patterns in lung tissues of smoker's lung, although not in graphite pneumoconiosis. Second-order criteria were mass peaks from smoker's lung with standard deviations SD < or = 14% of the mean value. First and second-order mass peaks matched the mass peaks of experimental cigarette-smoke condensate in 9 out of 11 peaks. A software program was developed that enabled fast, automated recognition of the typical mass peaks, and thereby confirmed the histological diagnosis of smoker's lung. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of carbonaceous particles within lung biopsies from a heavy smoker corresponded to the spectra of tobacco condensate and not to the investigated biopsies of graphite peneumoconiosis. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The analyses were performed in order to find out whether mass-spectrometric criteria exist for the differentiation of carbonaceous lung-tissue deposits. Mass spectrometry may be a valuable tool in determining the composition of carbon compounds deposited in human lung tissue. So far, qualitative assessment of the composition of deposits in lung tissue is only possible after the patient is deceased (autopsy).     

石材加工行业尘肺病危害风险评估研究

应用国际采矿与金属委员会风险评估模型（ICMM）评估石材加工行业尘肺病风险。 以20家石材加工企业为研究对象,运用ICMM模型的定量法和矩阵法分别评估4个重点岗位的尘肺病风险,并与粉尘作业分级和文献报道进行结果验证。 结果显示打磨、雕刻、切割和破碎4个重点岗位的总粉尘和呼吸性粉尘浓度均超过职业接触限值,超限倍数范围分别为4.3~85倍和3.1~63.3倍。ICMM定量法判定该4个重点岗位的Ⅲ期矽肺风险均为最高级风险水平（不可容忍）,矩阵法判定该4个重点岗位Ⅲ期矽肺风险也均为最高级水平（高风险）。这些风险评估结果得到生产性粉尘作业分级和文献报道的支持。结论为石材加工行业尘肺病发病风险非常高,ICMM风险评估模型可应用于石材加工行业职业健康风险评估。     

电焊作业人员尘肺病的预防

通过某检修安装企业从事焊接作业人员职业健康检查.对肺功能及X线高仟伏胸片检查结果进行分析评价,探讨电焊烟尘对作业人员肺部X线改变和肺通气功能的影响,提出电焊工尘肺的预防措施.     

基于累积接尘量的尘肺病风险评估方法

为了降低不同接尘经历劳动者的尘肺病风险,提出一种尘肺病风险评估方法.先进行粉尘种类识别、工作场所粉尘接触评估、劳动者累积接尘量评估,并确定粉尘与尘肺病风险的剂量-反应关系,进而将劳动者累积患病率的现值和增量值作为尘肺病风险评估指标,评估劳动者当前尘肺病风险、继续接尘后尘肺病风险、尘肺病风险增量、尘肺病风险增长率;最后以...     

我国群发性尘肺病和职业中毒案例分析及对策探讨

为有效预防和控制我国群发性职业损害，并为相关政策制定提供参考，对国内近30年文献记载的77个典型职业健康损害案例进行了统计分析，统计结果表明:群发性尘肺病主要集中于金属矿山、煤矿行业中小微型用人单位；群发性职业中毒多发生在电池制造、化工、鞋和箱包制造等用人单位。在典型案例原因分析的基础上，对有效落实用人单位职业病防治主体责任、完善工伤保险制度、建立健全相关制度等方面提出建议。     

呼吸追随型防护面具的研制及推广应用前景

本文针对坑道施工中个体防护之急需,研制了一种具有呼吸追随功能的电动送风过滤式防护面具,在确保防护效果的基础上实现了自然舒适的呼吸,可有效预防和减少尘肺病等职业病的发生,并展望了该产品在其他领域的推广应用前景。