福州市经济增长与环境污染的计量分析

根据环境库兹涅茨曲线原理,选取福州市1990年-2008年的经济与环境数据,运用EXCEL软件,分析福州市经济因子与环境因子的相关关系,并建立模拟经济因子与环境因子之间动态回归模型．通过人均GDP污染排放量模型发现,福州市污染排放量并不符合环境库兹涅茨曲线的倒“U”模型。工业废水排放量呈现正“U”型。工业废气排放量与工业固废产生量呈现倒“U”型的左侧部分,转折点尚未出现。环境质量并非随着GDP的增长而增高,产业结构调整、环境政策实施以及工业化进程等因素是决定环境质量的主导因素。     

辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物研究：Ⅱ.生物多样性与群落结构

为深入了解辽东湾北部海域大型底栖动物的生态学特征及其与环境因子的相互作用,依据2007年7月下旬在辽东湾进行的大型底栖动物生态调查数据,论述了大型底栖动物的生物多样性与群落结构特点.调查区内大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为0～3.40,平均值为2.41;Margalef物种丰富度指数为0～2.40,平均值为1.58.两指数的空间分布趋势较为一致,低值区主要位于调查区北部的沿岸浅水区,其他海域的生物多样性指数较高且无显著的空间差异.以20%的相似性程度划分,取样站可被划为7个大型底栖动物站组,各站组在调查区内呈斑块状分布.其中,有4个站组(站组Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅴ和Ⅵ)的生物量曲线始终在丰度曲线之上,且优势度明显,表明大型底栖动物群落尚未受到显著干扰;其他站组的生物量曲线与丰度曲线相互交叉或非常接近,显示大型底栖动物群落已受到中等程度干扰.统计分析表明,水深,底层水中的ρ(DO),ρ(总磷)共同构成了解释调查区内大型底栖动物群落结构的最佳环境因子组合,它们与栖息密度(R=0.484)和生物量(R=0.489)的相关关系均达到显著水平(P<0.01).     

雨水管道沉积物对径流初期冲刷的影响

为了避免汇水面源头以及分流制雨水管道系统中沉积的大量污染物在降雨时随雨水径流被冲刷进入水体,从而控制径流对水环境构成的冲击性污染,从理论和试验2方面分析了管道径流污染物(汇水面和管道沉积物2个来源)的流失规律.结果表明,汇水面源头污染物流失较符合源头冲刷的指数衰减模型,管道内沉积物流失可用流量曲线模型计算;管道内沉积物占管道径流污染物的比例越大,管道径流的初期冲刷现象越不明显.为了提高径流污染控制设施的效率,宜在源头进行分散控制,并加强雨水管网系统清洁维护,避免污染物的积累.     

Unraveling the impact of workforce age diversity on labor productivity: The moderating role of firm size and job security

Previous literature has suggested both positive and negative effects of age diversity on labor productivity: positive because of the potential knowledge complementarities between employees of different ages and negative because of the age‐related value differences that might reduce cohesion and cooperation, hampering firm performance. Using a Belgian sample of 5892 organizational observations (2008–2011), we unraveled these countervailing effects in two ways. First, we built on prior studies to suggest that the effect of age diversity depends on the particular shape of the age distribution: positive when it is heterogeneous (i.e., variety) and negative when it is polarized (i.e., polarization). This was supported by our findings. Second, we explored the moderating impact of two contextual contingencies, firm size and job security. As expected, the positive effect of age variety is reinforced in large firms and in firms where job security is high. Although firm size also emphasizes the negative effect of age polarization on productivity, job security, unexpectedly, does not moderate this relationship. Our study offers a valuable contribution to the literature as it reveals the boundary conditions of the competing implications of age diversity and, thus, allows one to account for the inconclusive findings reported in previous literature. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境污染与经济发展关系实证研究的文献综述

主要对国内外环境污染与经济发展关系的相关文献进行了系统的梳理,在对环境库滋涅茨曲线进行探讨的基础上,归纳了国内外环境污染与经济发展关系实证研究的现状,总结了环境污染与经济发展关系实证研究的主要方法,讨论了环境污染与经济增长之间的潜在关系的类型、相互影响因素、过程机理和描述方法,探究了针对环境污染防治的政策等方面的内容.最后对已有的文献研究进行简单的回顾性综述,对环境污染与经济发展关系实证研究的前景进行了展望.     

基于半参数面板数据模型的江苏省经济增长与水污染排放关系实证研究

本文以江苏省为研究区域,采用1990—2013年江苏省市级面板数据,基于单位根检验和面板协整检验,运用可拓展的随机性环境影响评估模型(STIRPAT)和参数、半参数固定效应回归方法,对经济增长与工业COD排放之间的关系展开研究。研究发现,江苏省经济增长与工业COD排放之间存在倒U形曲线关系,即全省工业COD排放随经济的发展呈现先增长后降低的趋势,同时人口增长对水污染物排放影响很大,二者之间的环境库兹涅茨曲线表明了经济持续发展能够协调并能解决其与水污染排放之间的困境。本研究丰富了社会经济发展与水污染关系在市级尺度层面的实证研究,为"十三五"期间江苏省水污染治理提供了政策依据。     

基于数字图像相关方法的石墨高温杨氏模量测试

目的为了得到石墨在高温环境下的杨氏模量,为飞行器热防护系统和高温热结构的设计提供可靠的技术保障。方法基于数字图像相关(DIC)方法和通电电阻加热技术,建立一套测量材料在高温环境下力学性能的测试系统。利用该系统,测量高温下石墨试样的表面应变场和应力-应变曲线,计算相应温度下的杨氏模量。在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计的方法同时测量超高温陶瓷试件的拉伸应变数据,并进行比较验证。结果在1400℃实验环境下,采用基于DIC与高温引伸计方法测得超高温陶瓷的应变-时间曲线吻合良好,方差为1.3×10-7。1200~1900℃高温环境下,石墨的杨氏模量随温度的升高呈线性增长趋势。结论采用基于DIC方法准确有效,该方法可方便快速地实现对石墨材料在高温环境下杨氏模量的测量。另外,该方法也可应用于其他导电材料杨氏模量的测试。     

体积压力板仪试验操作误差分析

体积压力板仪不仅可用于测试非饱和土的脱湿曲线,还能测试其浸湿曲线,对研究土壤与水分之间的物理关系具有重要意义.本文对2bar体积压力板仪的试验操作原理和步骤进行了详细说明,重点对试验操作中可能产生的误差和各种影响因素进行了分析,并以武汉市汉阳黏土土-水特征曲线试验为例,分析了导致试验误差产生的各种影响因素,以为采用体积...     

利用浮游动物评价滇池的污染状况

应用Sanders氏稀疏曲线法及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数法对滇池不同水域浮游动物种类和数量进行分析,结合指示种的分布情况分析结果表明,①滇池草海和外海的污染状况有明显的不同,草海处于α中污染阶段,外海处于β中污染阶段;②滇池污染的梯度变化:新河>楼外楼>草海中>灰湾>大河尾>观音山中;③草海正趋向于池沼泽化。     

Occupational risks and the value and modelling of a measurement of severity

In studies of occupational risks, severity, which is a component of the estimation of every risk, appears as a multifaceted entity assessable according to numerous criteria. A method of measuring the degree of severity of the consequences of potentially dangerous events would be of undeniable value to organisations seeking to improve their understanding of the complexity of such events. The need to control severity is highlighted by scientifically acquired improvements in the understanding of occupational risks, by certain new regulatory obligations in Europe, and by some requirements in the financial management of organisations. We put forward a statistical way of integrating several constituent elements of severity and hence of determining a relevant, synthetic, one-dimensional index. This is achieved by means of principal component analysis (PCA), which is used here to calculate a resultant severity, as in some physical measurements. We also investigate how severity may be statistically modelled, with the aim of contributing to the quantitative assessment of occupational risks. The choice of parametric models is detailed and illustrated by the search for a suitable model for workplace accidents in an organisational setting. The practical value of modelling severity is two-fold. First, one is able to study the distribution of the numerical values of severity over a continuum (a theoretically infinite numerical set) rather than through a limited number of arbitrarily defined categories. Second, with a generally applicable parametric model, one can estimate the law of probability of a measurement of severity in a particular situation, notably recent or new. Lastly, the statistical concept of risk curve is defined and discussed. The goal is to incorporate the severity component into the risk assessment in the form of a probability law, thus circumventing the difficulties associated with an analysis of scenarios.