Microbial community characterization, activity analysis and purifying efficiency in a biofilter process

The growth and metabolism of microbial communities on biologically activated carbon(BAC) play a crucial role in the purification of drinking water.To gain insight into the growth and metabolic characteristics of microbial communities and the efficiency of drinking water treatment in a BAC filter,we analyzed the heterotrophic plate count(HPC),phospholipid,dehydrogenase,metabolic function and water quality parameters during start-up and steady-state periods.In the start-up process of the filter with natural biofilm colonization,the variation in heterotrophic plate count levels was S-curved.The total phospholipid level was very low during the first 5 days and reached a maximum value after 40 days in the filter.The activity of dehydrogenase gradually increased during the first 30 days and then reached a plateau.The functional diversity of the microbial community in the filter increased,and then reached a relatively stable level by day 40.After an initial decrease,which was followed by an increase,the removal rate of NH4+-N and COD Mn became stable and was 80% and 28%,respectively,by day 40.The consumption rate of dissolved oxygen reached a steady level after 29 days,and remained at 18%.At the steady operation state,the levels of HPC,phospholipid,dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization had no significant differences after 6 months compared to levels measured on day 40.The filter was shown to be effective in removing NH4+-N,NO2--N,COD Mn,UV 254,biodegradable dissolved organic carbon and trace organic pollutants from the influent.Our results suggest that understanding changes in the growth and metabolism of microorganisms in BAC filter could help to improve the efficiency of biological treatment of drinking water.     

Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

Size distribution and diffuse pollution impacts of PAHs in street dust in urban streams in the Yangtze River Delta

Particles of dust washed off streets by stormwater are an important pathway of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into urban streams.This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the size distribution of PAHs in street dust particles, the potential risks of the particles in urban streams, and the sources and sinks of PAHs in the stream network.This assessment is based on measurements of 16 PAHs from the USEPA priority list in street dust particles and river sediments in Xincheng, China.The content of total PAHs ranged from 1,629 to 8,986 μg/kg in street dust particles, where smaller particles have a higher concentrations.Approximately 55% of the total PAHs were associated with particles less than 250 μm which accounted for 40% of the total mass of street dust.The PAH quantities increased from 2.41 to 46.86 μg/m2 in the sequence of new residential, rising through main roads, old town residential, commercial and industrial areas.The sediments in stream reaches in town were found to be sinks for street dust particle PAHs.The research findings suggest that particle size, land use and the hydrological conditions in the stream network were the factors which most influenced the total loads of PAH in the receiving water bodies.     

生物炭修复污染土壤的研究进展

介绍了生物炭的一些基本性质如碱性、表面积、官能团、CEC、元素组成和稳定性。然后对生物炭在污染土壤修复领域中的研究做了综述,例如用作土壤改良剂提高土壤对污水中有机污染物和重金属的吸附能力以及降低土壤中污染物的生物有效性。并对今后生物炭的研究方向作出了展望。     

中美欧燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的比较

科学制定污染物排放标准是治理环境污染问题的重要措施之一,欧美等发达国家分别制定了适合本国国情的污染物排放标准,并进行了多次修订。为借鉴欧美等发达国家在电力行业污染物控制的成功经验和科学制定我国火电大气污染物排放标准,对比分析了中美欧等国家燃煤电厂大气污染物SO2,NOx和颗粒物排放控制历程,当前中美欧现行燃煤电厂排放标准和控制技术水平及我国火电污染物控制现状,提出了科学制定我国燃煤电厂大气污染物排放标准的建议。     

经济集聚对区域水污染物排放的影响及溢出效应

基于化学需氧量和氨氮排放数据集,构建影响因素计量模型,探讨经济集聚同水污染物排放的影响效应及其在不同规模城镇下影响程度的差异性,采取双变量空间自相关解析中国经济集聚对水污染物排放的溢出效应,以期为促进经济集聚与污染减排良性互动提供参考。结论如下：（1）从全国总体样本来看,经济集聚能有效降低区域水污染排放强度,经济集聚度每增长1个百分点,化学需氧量和氨氮排放将分别减少0.491%和0.166%;（2）经济集聚对中小城市水污染排放的减排效应更为突出,在化学需氧量估计模型中,中等城市、小城市样本的经济集聚度弹性系数分别为-0.679、-0.546,而大城市及特大城市样本仅为-0.252;（3）经济集聚同水污染物排放的空间溢出效应显著,且呈现高集聚—高排放、低集聚—低排放、低集聚—高排放等空间关联模式,其中,高集聚—高排放区从京津冀向山东半岛绵延分布,还包括哈长城市群、苏北和苏中、长株潭、珠三角等地区。政策启示包括：积极培育中小城市并发挥其经济聚集的减排效应,促进生产技术更新和扩散,提高能源利用效率和环保投入;合理控制大城市经济与人口规模,加快产业结构调整和落后产能淘汰,强化环境规制以防止“污染避难所”效应;遏制经济集聚对水污染物排放的溢出效应,重点推进高集聚—高排放区联防联控和流域共治。     

陕西省4市2007—2009年空气污染指数分析

根据对国家环境保护部和陕西省环境保护厅提供的2007—2009年空气污染指数（API）资料的分析,对2007—2009年陕西省4市（西安市、宝鸡市、渭南市、延安市）空气质量级别、首要污染物等指标和空气污染指数的月、年平均值及变化规律进行了全面统计分析及横向、纵向比较。给出了4市近3a污染情况的统计数据及污染指数曲线图等,并从多方面分析造成其规律变化的成因。     

关于排污许可固定污染源全覆盖的实现

随着对排污许可固定污染源全覆盖的理解逐步深化,排污许可在实践中不断深入推进。一是突破"片面覆盖",不再仅仅服务于总量控制和仅适用于部分地区;二是关注点从"排放"转移到"控制",实现污染物"全覆盖",从水、大气扩展到其他污染物;三是关注点从"许可"到"许可制",名录增加了登记管理类别,实现排污单位"全覆盖";四是关注点从"发证"到"监管",实现排污许可要求从纸面到实际的"全覆盖"。     

建立水污染物排污权交易框架的探讨

为了制定上海水污染物排污权交易的整体方案，以及在环境管理和流域管理中更多地运用环境经济手段,根据国外排污权交易的经验。以及上海在黄浦江上游地区开展水污染物排污权交易示范项目中获得的经验和存在的问题。结合上海社会，经济的实际情况。分析了建立水污染物排污权交易基本框架中应涉及的基本因素，包括产权归属，法律法规，边界设定，容量控制，污染物特性，地理因素，准入标准，初始分配体系，初始分配价格体系，交易收费体系，政府的宏观调控和监督，排污权银行的建立，监测工作和公众参与等。     

乌鲁木齐市环境空气中主要污染物24 h变化特征

根据乌鲁木齐市空气自动监测数据，分析并找出了乌鲁木齐市环境空气24h污染规律和变化特征。