An opinion on the distribution and behavior of chemicals in response to climate change,with particular reference to the Asia-Pacific region

There is a general lack of knowledge as regards the effects of climate change on pollutant behavior. This is particularly true of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). This region has major significance in terms of global pollutant emission and also displays a wide variety of environments. This review presents the authors’ opinions on possible implications of climate change for pollutant behavior in the APR. Although differing responses can be expected across the region, there are clear implications as regards the short- and long-term behavior of pollutants. Effects can be predicted through modeling, but further data are required for model calibration. Nevertheless, it can be predicted that climate change will affect processes including global distillation of persistent organic pollutants, airborne transport of heavy metals, half-life of readily degradable pollutants, and eutrophication in water bodies. Particulates are expected to play a central role in mediating the effects of climate change, and successful predictive models will need to be based on particulate-mediated transport and behavior. Climate change also has the potential to cause an increase in the intensity and frequency of harmful algal blooms in aquatic environments throughout the region, with significant implications for supply of both food and drinking water.     

水环境承载力约束下的城市经济规模量化研究

论文提出了以地区生产总值(GDP) 表征的水环境承载力定量计算模型,以扬州市为例,选取COD作为污染控制因子,进行实例计算。通过对模型参数的灵敏度分析,确定不同参数影响程度,找出影响水环境承载力的主要制约因子;采用区间估计理论,评估模型计算结果的可靠性;提出对于确定的经济发展目标,排放强度控制线模型。结果表明,考虑污染减排政策干预的因素,扬州市目标年水环境承载力(以GDP 表征) 可达8 372×10⁸元,在90%的置信度水平上,其置信区间为7 881×10⁸~9 030×10⁸元;在总量控制目标确定的条件下,水环境承载力主要制约因子为污染物排放强度和第三产业比例;如果该区域经济目标定为5 070×10⁸元,则单位工业增加值COD排放强度不得大于0.69 kg/10⁴元。     

Relationship between air pollutants emission patterns and concentrations

Emission patterns of NO_x and S‐compounds are analyzed to study their influence on the concentrations of SO₂, NO_x, sulphate and nitrate in the air. Air mass trajectories, emission inventories and cluster analysis are used to define the emission patterns.

The scheme that characterized most of the days is defined by low emissions from 48 hours until 18 hours before the measurements and it produces average concentrations. High concentrations are due to emission peaks. The time between these emission peaks and the measurement determines the importance of the emission peak on the concentration.     

Unified methodology for site-characterization and sampling of highway runoff

Hydrology, roadway traffic conditions, and atmospheric deposition are three essential data categories for the planning and implementation of highway-runoff monitoring and characterization programs. Causal variables pertaining to each data category could be site specific but have been shown to correlate with runoff pollutant loads. These data categories were combined to derive statistical relationships for characterization and prioritization of the respective pollutant loads at highway runoff sites. Storm runoff data of total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP) collected from three highway sites in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, were used to illustrate the development of site-specific highway-runoff pollutant loading models. This unified methodology provides a basis for initial assessment of the pollutant-constituent loads from highway runoff using hydrologic component variables. Improved reliability is achievable when additional traffic and/or atmospheric component variables are incorporated into the basic hydrologic regression model. In addition, operational guidance is suggested for implementing highway-runoff monitoring programs that are subject to sampling and resources constraints.     

液相催化氧化法脱除燃煤烟气中多污染物研究进展

针对燃煤烟气中SO₂、NO_x和重金属Hg等污染物,可将多个单一污染物控制系统串联进行脱除,但存在系统庞杂、运行成本高等问题,因此开发经济高效的一体化脱除技术十分必要。液相催化氧化法能够在液相中对多污染物进行联合脱除。根据使用氧化剂的不同,对不同的液相催化氧化法进行了详细论述,包括H₂O₂氧化法、次氯酸盐及亚氯酸盐氧化法、过二硫酸盐和过一硫酸氢盐氧化法等,总结了各种方法的优缺点,并对未来的研究方向提出了建议。     

低温等离子体协同催化降解含硫恶臭污染物

采用共沉淀—喷涂法制备了（Cu5Mn7Zr1O22）0.08/（γ-Al2O3）0.1/堇青石蜂窝陶瓷催化剂。表征结果显示：催化剂孔隙率较高,表面均匀分散着粒径介于20~100 nm的晶体颗粒。以硫化氢和乙硫醇为典型含硫恶臭污染物进行了低温等离子体协同催化降解实验,结果表明：污染物的降解率随着输入功率的增加而提高;与单纯低温等离子体相比,低温等离子体协同催化能获得更好的降解效果。降解机理可能为：在高能电子和活性粒子作用下,H2S或C2H5SH分子中键能较弱的H—S、C—S和C—C键断裂形成·SH、·C2H5、·CH2SH、·CH3等小碎片基团,这些小碎片基团进一步发生聚合、氧化或自由基链式反应,最终降解为CO2、SO2、SO3、H2O等无毒小分子。     

基于AGNES算法优化BP神经网络和GIS系统的大气污染物浓度预测

建立了大气污染物浓度与影响因子之间的BP神经网络,对城市中各监测点位的次日大气污染物浓度进行预测,采用GIS的插值分析进行污染物空间分布预测,其中BP神经网络的输入向量采用AGNES算法进行处理。以太原市区SO2、PM10浓度预测为例,选择气温、湿度、降水量、大气压强、风速和前5天的污染物浓度等10个参数训练BP神经网络,结果表明,BP神经网络的训练效果较好,预测结果与实际浓度显著相关,R2分别为0.988、0.976;结合太原市8个监测点位的污染物浓度预测值,运用GIS空间差值法绘出SO2、PM10的浓度分布预测图,该图与实际情况大体符合,并且与国控大气污染企业的分布显著相关,Pearson相关系数分别为0.969、0.949。     

Cost effective management of stochastic coastal water pollution

This study develops a theoretical tool for investigating the impact on cost effective coastal water management from explicit treatment of: coastal pollutant transports, stochastic pollutant transports in the catchment areas, and wetlands as a pollutant abatement option. It is applied to a relatively well investigated estuary, Himmerfjärden, south of the Swedish capital, Stockholm. The theoretical results indicate that all three factors influence cost effective allocation of measures and associated design of economic instruments. The consideration of stochastic pollutant transports will increase costs, but the direction of influence of the other two factors cannot be determined without empirical support. The application to nitrogen transport in Himmerfjärden shows that, for target nitrogen reductions given in terms of a percentage of pre-abatement loads, the inclusion of coastal transports in the cost calculations lowers the estimated total costs for targets interpreted in terms of nitrogen loads to the marine water. The alternative investigated target interpretation was in terms of nitrogen loads to coastal waters. Depending on the ability of wetlands to abate nitrogen and to change the variance in pollutant load to the coastal recipients, costs are either increased or decreased as compared to when wetlands are excluded as nitrogen abatement options.     

化工开发区突发性大气污染事故预测预警系统建设架构

大气污染事故预测预警系统主要包括污染气象模型和大气扩散数学模型,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术,按照污染事故发生的地理位置,将模型的数值解和GIS相结合,从而可以在时间和空间上对污染扩散进行分析,得到不同地点的污染物浓度和污染程度,获取受污染范围内的人口和周边单位等重要信息,从而预测污染事故对环境的影响程度和范围,为突发性环境污染事故的应急监测、现场救护和灾后评估提供科学依据。     

排污总量监测若干问题的思考

分析了排污总量监测过程中关于最低检出限、一类污染物的采样点位、监测频次、超标污染物等方面与污染源监督监测的区别以及存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和措施.