水平潜流人工湿地COD去除回归方程的建立及应用

目前对于人工湿地的研究大部分仅局限于单个湿地,其结果缺乏广泛代表性.为考察水平潜流人工湿地对于生活污水中主要污染物指标COD的去除率,建立更为详细的人工湿地回归方程,用以指导人工湿地设计,本研究按照＂黑箱模型＂理论,将所搜集的1500多组数据按照季节、水力负荷、种植植物类型以及气候类型分类,分析不同因素对于人工湿地去除...     

高温ASBR处理水热改性污泥的工艺特性

采用高温ASBR处理水热改性污泥.结果表明,高温ASBR处理水热改性污泥的有机负荷(COD)由7.762kg/(m3·d)提升到13.106kg/(m3·d)后,会导致反应器内VFA的积累,pH和产气量的下降,反应器出现"酸化"现象.这种酸化现象属可恢复性酸化.系统恢复后,ASBR的有机负荷(COD)能达到10kg/(m3·d).高温ASBR在有机负荷(COD)为2.523、4.196、7.762、10.091kg/(m3·d)时的产气率(CH4/COD投入)分别为250、247、219、187mL.高温ASBR的有机负荷OLR与产甲烷速率MPR和COD产气率之间都呈现良好的线性关系,随着OLR的增加,产甲烷速率增大,COD产气率减少.     

不同极性有机污染物在腐殖质-蒙脱石复合物上的吸附特性

研究了3种具有不同结构和极性的芳香类疏水有机污染物(非极性的菲和1,2,4,5-四氯苯、极性的1,2-二氯苯)在蒙脱石及富里酸/胡敏酸-蒙脱石复合物上的界面行为.由于疏水性分配作用,与富里酸和胡敏酸复合后的蒙脱石对非极性的菲和1,2,4,5-四氯苯的吸附量增加.元素分析结果表明,胡敏酸的(N+ O)/C值低于富里酸,因此其疏水性强于富里酸,这使得菲和1,2,4,5-四氯苯在胡敏酸-蒙脱石复合物上的吸附量均高于富里酸-蒙脱石复合物.极性的1,2-二氯苯在水中的溶解度最高(131 mg/L),其在蒙脱石上的吸附量远高于非极性的菲和1,2,4,5-四氯苯.1,2-二氯苯主要通过与蒙脱石表面形成偶极作用吸附在蒙脱石上,且富里酸和胡敏酸对蒙脱石吸附1,2-二氯苯的影响较小.1,2-二氯苯的Freundlich吸附曲线的n大于1,表明1,2-二氯苯之间能形成偶极-偶极作用,进一步加大其在蒙脱石上的吸附量.富里酸和胡敏酸降低了菲在蒙脱石上的解吸率,且菲在疏水性最强的胡敏酸-蒙脱石复合物上的解吸率最低,表明菲与胡敏酸-蒙脱石复合物的作用力最强.     

广东省典型内河港区主要大气污染物排放特征研究

以广东省珠江三角洲地区某内河港区为对象,选取港区内船舶、作业机械、运输车辆的大气污染物排放计算方法,结合保有量、活动水平、燃油品质等基础信息计算了该港区在2013年的大气污染物排放量,并分析了其排放特征.结果表明,在内河港区及周边水域,船舶排放的SO2占比超过80％;其他污染因子方面,船舶排放占比32％～47％,作业机械排放占比36％ ～ 48％,运输车辆排放占比10％ ～32％.在内河港区及其周边水域,船舶及港区作业机械的排放均有突出污染贡献.     

基于北京市6类污染物的环境空气质量评价方法

根据北京城6区2013年停暖前、后的空气质量自动监测结果,以各污染物质量浓度限值标准为依据,构建包含6类空气污染指标的评价体系.分别运用空气质量指数法和改进的灰色聚类法对空气质量进行评价,并通过详细评价步骤分析对比两种方法的异同.其中,空气质量指数法将6类污染指标中分指数最大的指标确定为空气质量指数,并通过分级来评判空气质量对人体健康的影响;改进的灰色聚类法则通过构建指数型白化函数来提高不确定因素的计算精度,并研究各污染物在不同灰类之间的变化幅度和隶属度.结果表明,空气质量指数法适用于直观判定空气质量对人体健康的影响,改进的灰色聚类法则适用于评价各污染指标对空气质量级别的贴近程度.研究表明,对两种方法,需根据空气质量评价的目的和实践要求,从不同角度出发并结合使用,以得出比较全面、客观的结果.     

多轴蠕变-疲劳寿命预测系统软件开发

目的开发多轴-蠕变疲劳寿命预测系统软件。方法采用Visual Studio 2010,编程语言用C++/CLI,Win Form开发方式,通过编制三维载荷下的临界面确定,多轴循环计数,多轴蠕变损伤,多轴疲劳损伤,蠕变-疲劳交互作用计算等各种程序,开发高温环境下的多轴蠕变-疲劳寿命预测系统软件。结果所开发的专用寿命预测软件,程序运行环境为Windows操作系统,需要NET4.0环境支持。数据采用Micro Soft Access2010,数据库管理采用了ADO.NET技术。结论软件系统适用于随机多轴载荷下高温环境中热端机械零部件的损伤状态评估和寿命预测。     

Modeling the Effects of Extreme Drought on Pollutant Transport Processes in the Yangtze River Estuary

Water resources in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), which is the vital water supply for Shanghai, decreased by approximately 2.45 Gm³ in 2006, the second‐worst recorded drought year. A numerical model was developed to investigate the effects of this extreme drought on pollutant transport processes in the YRE. The model was calibrated against observations and displayed good agreement. Residence time, a critical hydrodynamic indicator, was implemented to indicate pollutant transport processes. Numerical experiments were conducted to examine the possibly drought‐induced influences. The model results demonstrated that the influences on pollutant transport processes varied spatially and temporally, and these influences could partly explain the observed temporal and spatial variations of total nitrate in 2006. The area most susceptible to drought is in the north branch with 2‐11 days' extension of residence time. As the drought occurred in both the high and normal water periods, its influences were more significant during the normal water period with saltwater intrusion into the north branch. The drought also introduced a pollutant transport lag in timescale of approximately five days by diminishing the seaward advection flux with freshwater discharge. In 2006, the magnified tidal influence during the drought contributed more than usual to structuring pollutant transport, as the pollutant transport processes were intensely associated with tidal flow and tidal cycle.     

北京城区PM_(2.5)及主要污染气体“周末效应”和“假日效应”研究

利用2009—2012年北京城区海淀宝联站6种污染物(PM2.5、NO、NO2、O3、CO和SO2)的连续监测数据,研究了污染物浓度的周循环变化规律,以及春节、国庆节假日期间和假日前后污染物浓度变化的差异.结果表明,北京城区O3浓度存在周末高于工作日的显著"周末效应"现象,其它污染物则表现出周末低于工作日的"周末效应"现象;国庆节较长假期存在与"周末效应"相类似的"假日效应",即假日期间污染物浓度明显低于非假日期间(O3相反).而春节期间PM2.5、CO、SO2出现"反常"浓度(污染物浓度在假日期间高于非假日期间),可能与春节期间烟花爆竹燃放有关.从污染物浓度日变化特征分析,污染物浓度高峰期与人类活动高峰期时间基本一致,而污染物在周末和工作日出现的浓度差异现象也与人类活动的周循环差异现象相吻合,NO、NO2和CO的小时平均浓度在周末和工作日的最大偏差出现在08:00,分别为-19.8%、-14.9%和-13.9%,说明北京城区出现污染物浓度的周循环变化特征和日变化特征与人类活动密切相关.     

Seasonal and Regional Patterns in Performance for a Baltic Sea Drainage Basin Hydrologic Model

This study evaluates the ability of the Catchment SIMulation (CSIM) hydrologic model to describe seasonal and regional variations in river discharge over the entire Baltic Sea drainage basin (BSDB) based on 31 years of monthly simulation from 1970 through 2000. To date, the model has been successfully applied to simulate annual fluxes of water from the catchments draining into the Baltic Sea. Here, we consider spatiotemporal bias in the distribution of monthly modeling errors across the BSDB since it could potentially reduce the fidelity of predictions and negatively affect the design and implementation of land‐management strategies. Within the period considered, the CSIM model accurately reproduced the annual flows across the BSDB; however, it tended to underpredict the proportion of discharge during high‐flow periods (i.e., spring months) and overpredict during the summer low flow periods. While the general overpredictions during summer periods are spread across all the subbasins of the BSDB, the underprediction during spring periods is seen largely in the northern regions. By implementing a genetic algorithm calibration procedure and/or seasonal parameterization of subsurface water flows for a subset of the catchments modeled, we demonstrate that it is possible to improve the model performance albeit at the cost of increased parameterization and potential loss of parsimony.     

移动式路面尘负荷测试系统及应用

建立了一种移动测试系统能够快速得出路面尘负荷,并结合GPS仪显示路面尘负荷的空间分布。在车辆顶部和车轮后部分别安装颗粒物浓度测试仪逐秒测试2点的PM10浓度,浓度差记为c,同时利用测试逐秒的经纬度信息和车速。根据AP-42标准方法采集分析了典型道路的尘负荷,建立了路面尘负荷、车速和浓度差之间的函数关系为sL=9.89.C0.810.e-0.068s。根据测试数据得出了呼和浩特市典型道路的尘负荷空间分布,从空间分布结果结合现场调查数据可以看出,施工活动较多的区域路面尘负荷较高,路面破损和两侧有未铺装区域的路面尘负荷较高,为道路扬尘控制提供参考。