家兔接触低浓度焦炉污染物细胞遗传损伤指标的变化

将实验动物（家兔）饲养于低浓度焦炉逸散物污染的环境中（现场B（a）P浓度2～10μg/100m³）,动态观察染毒前、现场染毒二周、四周及脱离现场一周外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换（Sec）率和微核（MN）率的变化。结果显示,高SCE细胞（HFC）率在第二周即增高,到第四周SCE率均值也明显升高,但在脱离污染环境一周后可恢复到染毒前水平。MN率未显示变化。     

不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷规律研究

针对雨水径流污染冲刷模型中降雨强度与污染物冲刷存在的时间差问题,采用有效降雨强度替代降雨强度,建立了径流污染物冲刷模型,并利用建立的模型对不透水表面雨水径流污染物冲刷进行了模拟。结果表明,模型对SS、COD、TN和TP模拟的相关系数R2平均为0.87、0.81、0.93和0.89,具有较高的模拟精度。SS、COD、TN和TP的冲刷系数分别为0.77、0.66、0.92和0.74 mm-1,TN的冲刷系数略高,但总体相差不大。SS、COD、TN和TP均显示了较强的初期冲刷效应,在有效降雨强度为4 mm时,截留初期雨水径流量的35%~40%,即可控制70%以上雨水径流污染物。建立的模型可应用于研究不透水表面的雨水径流污染物冲刷规律,为雨水径流污染物控制提供理论计算依据。     

城市河涌受污染底泥的固化/稳定化处理

为了给河涌疏浚底泥的资源化提供技术支持,以广州市车陂涌表层受污染底泥为研究对象,用水泥、石灰、粉煤灰、膨润土等材料对底泥进行固化/稳定化处理实验。通过无侧限抗压强度、污染物在模拟自然条件下(中性)的释放特征、毒性浸出实验(酸性条件)对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析。结果表明:经合适的处理后,固化体抗压强度能高于300 kPa;固化体自然条件下重金属的释放量明显减少,固化/稳定化处理能够有效减缓和减少固化体的二次污染;毒性浸出实验结果表明,河涌底泥经固化/稳定化处理后其重金属浸出能力显著降低。     

经济增长、国际贸易与污染排放的关系研究——基于美国和中国SO2排放的实证分析

在世界经济一体化进程中,国际贸易成为影响各国环境污染变化的重要因素,将其纳入经济增长与环境污染间关系的分析框架是环境学界关注的一个重要问题。本文基于联立方程模型,从经济产出、污染排放、污染治理和国际贸易等四个方面探讨了经济增长与污染排放的相互作用机理,并以美国、中国SO2排放为例进行了实证研究。结果表明:污染排放对经济产出有影响,且对美国和中国分别为正作用和负作用。经济增长增加了两国国内污染排放,且中国增加的相对更多。而污染治理均减少了国内污染排放,美、中的污染减排弹性系数分别为-0.277和-0.417。国际贸易对美国起到污染减排作用,对中国的影响不显著,考虑到贸易对中国经济增长的拉动作用,其经济规模间接污染效应不容忽视。对于中国而言,加大污染治理投资、改善贸易进出口状况、降低经济发展过程中的污染排放是实现经济与环境协调发展的有效途径。     

Plant uptake and in-soil degradation of PCB-5 under varying cropping conditions

A 60-d greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the uptake and in-soil degradation of PCB-5 under single cropping and intercropping conditions involving three crop plant species: pumpkin, soybean and corn. Volatilization of PCB-5 from the soil surface was also tested. The results show that while uptake of PCB-5 by the test plant species is possible and the root concentration of PCB-5 had a control on the upward transport of PCB-5 to the above-ground portion of the plants, the PCB-5 extracted by the plants mainly accumulated in the root materials. Phytoextraction contributed insignificantly toward the loss of the soil-borne PCB-5. Volatilization of PCB-5 from the soil was recorded but it appeared that this did not result in a marked loss of PCB-5 in the bulk soil though it might cause remarkable removal of PCB-5 in a thin layer of the topsoil (1 mm). It is likely that the in-soil biodegradation contributed markedly to the observed reduction in soil-borne PCB-5. The in-soil biodegradation of PCB-5 was significantly enhanced under intercropping conditions, which appeared to be related to increased microbial activities, particularly bacterial activities. The soil residual PCB-5 was correlated with the activity of the following enzymes: catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD).     

基于基尼系数的乌梁素海流域污染负荷分配

在水体污染物总量控制分配中,科学合理地分配污染物排放指标是实施水体环境管理的关键.将应用在经济领域衡量居民收入分配公平程度的基尼系数引入环境领域,提出环境基尼系数这一新概念用于解决流域内各分区污染物总量控制分配的问题.以乌梁素海流域为例,分别以流域内各分区人口、水资源量和国内生产总值(GDP)作为流域内基尼系数的分配指...     

Sensitivity of key factors and uncertainties in health risk assessment of benzene pollutant

Predicting long-term potential human health risks from contaminants in the multimedia environment requires the use of models. However,there is uncertainty associated with these predictions of many parameters which can be represented by ranges or probability distributions rather than single value.Based on a case study with information from an actual site contaminated with benzene,this study describes the application of MMSOILS model to predict health risk and distributions of those predictions generated using Monte Carlo techniques.A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate which of the random variables are most important in producing the predicted distributions of health risks.The sensitivity analysis shows that the predicted distributions can be accurately reproduced using a small subset of the random variables.The practical implication of this analysis is the ability to distinguish between important versus unimportant random variables in terms of their sensitivity to selected endpoints.This directly translates into a reduction in data collection and modeling effort.It was demonstrated that how correlation coefficient could be used to evaluate contributions to overall uncertainty from each parameter.The integrated uncertainty analysis shows that although drinking groundwater risk is similar with inhalation air risk,uncertainties of total risk come dominantly from drinking groundwater route.Most percent of the variance of total risk comes from four random variables.     

用实测资料计算流域非点源污染负荷：以四川清平水库为例

把流域非点源污染负荷分成地面径流污染负荷、地下径流污染负荷和壤中流污染负荷。用水文学方法找出典型年河水中地下径流成分，然后分割出壤中流和地面径流。再根据实测的水质和流量资料计算出流域非点源污染负荷。方法简单可靠，具有典型性和代表性。     

石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术

提出了一种多级降温冷凝-梯级污染物分离-组分机械纯化的集成石油焦化冷焦废水封闭分离与利用技术。将其应用于1Mt／a冷焦废水处理系统,运行结果表明,废水循环再生率、污油循环使用率、石油焦粉回收使用率、挥发性有机物回收利用率均达100％。与国内外同类技术相比,该技术具有冷焦废水处理效果好、投资小、经济和社会效益显著等优点,具有很好的推广应用前景。     

乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物排放清单与时空分布

基于乌鲁木齐市各类非金属矿物制品业的活动水平数据及其排放因子,建立了2015年乌鲁木齐市3种大气污染物的排放清单。2015年乌鲁木齐市非金属矿物制品业大气污染物NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5的排放总量分别为1.17×10⁴ t、1.63×10⁴ t和8.35×10³ t。混凝土配料行业是NO_x和SO₂的主要排放源,占比分别为56.77%和71.72%;PM2.5的排放源主要是水泥（干法）行业,占比为70.23%。米东区是对NO_x、SO₂和PM_2.5排放量的最大贡献区域,头屯河区是NO_x和SO₂的第二大贡献区域,达坂城区是PM_2.5的第二大贡献区域。污染物在5~9月处于排放高峰期。蒙特卡罗法模拟结果表明,混凝土配料制品行业95%置信区间的不确定性最高,为-72%~157%。