利用两种采样技术监测淮河水中的有毒有机污染物

利用固相萃取（SPE）和三油酸酯－半渗透膜采样器（triolein－SPMD）采集并测定了淮河信阳、淮南２个采样点水样中有毒有机污染物浓度．对２种采样方法的比较发现,对于水中多氯联苯、多环芳烃、取代苯３类目标污染物检出种类基本相同,但这些污染物在SPMD样品中浓度的富集倍数明显增加．污染物在triolein－SPMD酯中的高浓度,便污染物的定性和定量更加容易和准确,可以根据triolein－SPMD酯／水分配平衡理论计算目标污染物在水中的平均浓度,其结果与SPE具有可比性．综合triolein－SPMD在经济和操作上的诸多优点,本研究认为triolein－SPMD技术可在我国的优先污染物的监测工作中发挥作用．     

我国锅炉2000年起始执行的环境标准——新颁《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》修订要点及达标分析

对2000年3月1日起始实施的GWPB3-1999《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的主要修订内容进行了阐述 ,并对新的锅炉排放标准实施后达标可行性进行了分析。      

农用肥料中有机污染物的初步检测

利用GC/MS技术对21种农用肥料中8类43种USEPA优控有机污染物进行了系统分析.结果表明,大部分肥料检出3类5种以上有机污染物,主要是邻苯二甲酸酯、硝基苯、氯代烯和多环芳烃;有26种有机污染物至少在1种肥料中被检出,其中有5种污染物,尤其是邻苯二甲酸酯在大部分甚至全部肥料中被检出,最高达9764.57μg/kg ;强致癌性化合物苯并(a)芘在2种肥料中被检出.包膜肥料、多功能复合肥料中有机污染物的含量明显较高,表明在肥料生产中应注意原料的有机污染问题.     

嘉兴市不同天气条件下大气污染物和气溶胶化学组分的分布特征

为研究不同天气条件下大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO)和气溶胶化学组分的污染特征,分别使用SHARP-5030监测仪、热电EMS系统、气溶胶化学成分在线监测仪(ACSM)和宽范围颗粒粒径谱仪(WPS)对嘉兴市2015年5月1~31日PM、污染气体、PM_(1.0)中化学组分和10 nm~10μm气溶胶数浓度进行了观测分析.结果表明,观测期间嘉兴市PM_(2.5)、PM_(1.0)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3和CO的平均浓度分别为52.8和37.2μg·m~(-3)、10.3μg·m~(-3)、38.1μg·m~(-3)、92.1μg·m~(-3)和1.2 mg·m~(-3).PM_(1.0)中OA、SO_2-4、NO-3、NH_4~+和Cl-的平均浓度为2.18、1.24、0.87、0.63和0.08μg·m~(-3).数浓度主要集中在爱根核模态(20~100 nm),浓度为12 411.2 cm~(-3),其次是核模态(10~20 nm),浓度为4 946.6 cm~(-3).不同天气过程中PM和污染气体的浓度分布和日变化特征不同.不同天气条件下PM_(1.0)中化学组分分布不同.雨天和晴天PM_(1.0)中化学组分浓度从大到小顺序均为OASO_2-4NO-3NH_4~+Cl-,新粒子天PM_(1.0)中化学组分浓度的顺序为OANO-3SO_2-4NH_4~+Cl-.新粒子天OA和NO-3分别是晴天的1.61和1.42倍,说明OA和NO-3是影响新粒子生成事件的主要化学成分.不同天气条件下不同模态气溶胶的日变化特征不同.     

珠海2019年秋季一次大气污染过程的特征、 成因及来源分析

2019年秋季在珠三角典型沿海城市珠海观测到一次中重度污染过程,本文对此次过程的污染特征、形成机制和来源进行了研究.通过 采集PM_2.5样品,分析了9种水溶性无机离子（WSIIs）、有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）等化学组分的浓度水平和污染特征;进一步结合污染过程中的不利天气形势、72 h后向气流轨迹及PM_2.5的潜在源贡献因子（WPSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（WCWT）等方法分析了污染的形成机制和来源.结果表明,有机物（OM）是污染时期PM_2.5中增长最快的组分,其次是占WSIIs约82.46%的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）. NO₃^-/SO₄^2-均值为0.20,表明珠海以固定源污染为主;硫氧化率（SOR）均值为0.65,氮氧化率（NOR）均值为0.08,高温高湿的气象条件可能是 造成珠海比中国其他城市SOR偏高而NOR偏低的原因.在污染时段,二次有机碳（SOC）明显增加,WSOC/SOC随污染物的升高而降低并趋近于1,因此, 污染时期的WSOC可能主要是二次生成的.副高控制型、台风外围型和高压出海型等天气形势控制着整个珠三角地区时,不利于污染物的传输和扩散,使污染加剧.后向气流轨迹分析表明,污染时期的气团轨迹主要来自于高污染的内陆地区,这可能是造成此次污染形成的重要原因和来源.WPSCF和WCWT的高值区主要集中在江西、广东等内陆地区,因此,珠海在控制本地排放的同时,也应该关注上风向临近省市的污染排放.     

重庆气矿污染物排放现状及减排措施分析

重庆气矿在高压、高含硫、高产量条件下的天然气开发过程中,不可避免地会产生废水、废气、废渣、噪声等污染物,并对环境造成影响。为此,重庆气矿对污染物排放的种类、特点及现有治理措施和效果进行了分析,并对存在的问题提出了具体的防治措施。     

Effect of housing geometry on the performance of Chemcatcher passive sampler for the monitoring of hydrophobic organic pollutants in water

Passive sampling of pollutants in water has been gaining acceptance for environmental monitoring. Previously, an integrative passive sampler (the Chemcatcher) was developed and calibrated for the measurement of time weighted average concentrations of hydrophobic pollutants in water. Effects of physicochemical properties and environmental variables (water temperature and turbulence) on kinetic and thermodynamic parameters characterising the exchange of analytes between the sampler and water have been published. In this study, the effect of modification in sampler housing geometry on these calibration parameters was studied. The results obtained for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons show that reducing the depth of the cavity in the sampler body geometry increased the exchange kinetics by approximately twofold, whilst having no effect on the correlation between the uptake and offload kinetics of analytes. The use of performance reference compounds thus avoids the need for extensive re-calibration when the sampler body geometry is modified.     

Kosetice, Czech Republic--ten years of air pollution monitoring and four years of evaluating the origin of persistent organic pollutants

The regional observatory Kosetice is a central European background station. Unique continuous monitoring from 1988 on is held here. POP (persistent organic pollutant) concentration values of air samples from Kosetice taken between 1996 and 2005 were statistically processed. Values of Czech ambient air quality standards were not exceeded. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons reached two maxima, in 1996 and 2001-2002. Polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations reached the highest values in 1997 and 1998 and hexachlorocyclohexanes concentrations in 1998. DDTs, hexachlorobenzene and pentachlorobenzene were analysed as well. Long-range transport of pollutants between 2002 and 2005 was evaluated using the Potential Source Contribution Function hybrid receptor model. Indicated potential source areas of PCBs coincide with many well-known urban and industrialised areas, while the indicated potential source areas of HCHs and DDTs coincide with many agricultural and/or forested regions and the potential source areas of HCB comprise all land use types.     

离子化有机污染物在沉积物和水相间的平衡分配计算

本文从热力学平衡原理出发,推导出离子化有机污染物在沉积物／水相间分配系数的理论计算模型,并以苯酚,邻氯酚,２,４－二氯酚、五氯酚和苯胺的吸附实验数据为例,计算了它们在中性分子和带电荷的离子形态下的分配系数Ｋｄ和Ｋｄｉ。以及总体分配系数Ｋｄｏ研究结果表明,离子化有机污染物在沉积物和分配行为不仅与该化学物的ｐＫａ和存在形态有关。而且还取决于环境介质的ｐＨ。     

Metals in Feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-Tailed Shearwater, and Red-Tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaian Islands, Northern Pacific

Levels of environmental pollutants are usually higher in mainland and coastal areas than in offshore or oceanic islands due to higher inputs from agricultural and industrial sources. Levels of heavy metals are usually higher in adult than in young birds, because they have had longer to accumulate metals in their tissues, and/or because they may eat larger, more contaminated, prey. We examined the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the adults and young of Bonin petrel (Pterodroma hypoleuca), Christmas shearwater (Puffinus nativitatis) and red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) on Midway Atoll, and adult wedge-tailed shearwater (Puffinus pacificus) on Midway Atoll and on Manana Island (off Oahu) in the northern Pacific. All birds were analyzed individually except for Christmas Shearwater chicks where samples were pooled to obtain sufficient quantities for analysis. Significant (p<0.05) age-related differences were found for mercury, selenium, manganese and chromium in Bonin petrels, for selenium and mercury in Christmas shearwaters, and for chromium and mercury in Red-tailed Tropicbirds. Lead approached significance for all three species. Adults had higher levels than young except for chromium and manganese in the petrels and arsenic in all three species. There were significant interspecific differences in concentrations of all metals except arsenic for the adults nesting on Midway. Christmas shearwaters had the highest levels of all metals except mercury and chromium. Bonin petrels, the smallest species examined, had mercury levels that were over three times higher than any of the adults of the other three species. For wedge-tailed shearwaters, levels of chromium and lead were significantly higher, and manganese and selenium were lower on Midway than Manana. Knowledge of the foraging ranges and habits of these far-ranging seabirds is inadequately known, but does not currently explain the observed differences among species. We could not find a consistent pattern of differences between the burrow nesting species (Bonin petrel, Wedge-tailed shearwater) and the surface nesting tropicbirds. There was no consistent pairwise correlation between any metals across all species.