含柔性植被明渠污染物浓度场分布规律试验研究

利用平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）技术对含柔性淹没植被明渠污染物浓度场进行试验研究.固定排污口于植被顶部,分析不同淹没度、不同植被密度下含植被水流浓度场的扩散规律.试验结果表明,随着淹没度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短;随着植被密度的增加,污染物浓度沿流向下降变快,完全混合所需距离缩短.随着淹没度的增加,垂向浓度半宽比横向浓度半宽大,垂向上的标量输移占主导地位.     

Gas and Aerosol Loadings at Holme Moss 1996–1998 Measurements and Analysis Using Back-Trajectory Clustering

A continuous two-year atmospheric datasetcomprising gas and aerosol loadings from amountain site in northern England (Holme Moss,W1°5130 N53°320) is presented. The data are analysed with respect to three-dayback-trajectories that are grouped according to aclustering technique that allows speed, directionand curvature of the airmass track to beconsidered. The technique is successful inseparating the data into chemically distinctsubsets. Up to 29% of the variance in the datais explained by back-trajectory clusters. Slow trajectories are associated with highloadings especially for the oxides of nitrogen,which may imply a local source for much of thesuspended pollutant. The data suggest thatproduction of nitrate and sulphate is limited byoxidant availability at least in the winter. Itmay be possible to optimise the analytical powerof the technique by increasing the importance ofrecent airmass track in determining clusterallocation. This applies especially to the totalsulphur loading.     

The elaboration of the 'Stockholm convention' on persistent organic pollutants (POPs): a negotiation process fraught with obstacles and opportunities

The conclusion in December 2000 of the negotiations for the 'Stockholm Convention' can clearly be labeled as a success. The Convention text was negotiated in merely five sessions of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) and accomplished after its fifth session despite the fact that numerous controversial issues, such as the inclusion of new substances under the ambit of the Convention, the acknowledgement of the precautionary principle or--clearly most controversial--the financing mechanisms, remained to be resolved. This paper attempts to provide a somewhat impressionistic account of the negotiations leading to the conclusion of the 'Stockholm Convention' as experienced by the members of the Swiss delegation participating in the negotiations of the INC. Besides a brief overview on the 'history' of the negotiations, it will focus on some issues of special interest--and controversy--to the negotiators, and finally attempt to provide an outlook on the future of the work performed by the INC and the implementation of the Convention. Issues of special interest are environmental policy issues, capacity building and financing, trade-related issues, precautionary principles, and technical and scientific issues.     

火电厂NOx污染排放控制方法探讨

NOx的排放控制是火电厂未来环境保护的重要任务。从控制燃烧过程中NOx的生成以及在燃烧后脱除烟气中NOx两个方面探讨了减少NOx排放的有效技术。     

废水中重金属输入响应模型研究

为探讨工业废水中重金属污染物在各企业分排放口和入江总排放口间的输入响应关系,选择典型废水排放口进行调查和监测。根据获得的有效实测数据,利用最优化参数识别方法,搜索最佳反应参数值,建立重金属污染物的总量或浓度平衡方程,使总量控制路线中的重金属总量优化分配过程更科学合理。     

Practical applications of the fenton reaction to the removal of chlorinated aromatic pollutants

BACKGROUND: Chlorophenols (CPs) constitute a group of organic pollutants that are introduced into the environment as a result of several man-made activities, such as uncontrolled use of pesticides and herbicides, and as byproducts in the paper pulp bleaching. Promising removal technologies of chlorinated aromatics consist in the application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that can provide an almost total degradation of a variety of contaminants. Among these, wide application find Fenton systems based on generation of reactive species having a high oxidizing power, such as hydroxyl radical HO*. Our objective was that of determining the overall degradation efficiency of the model compound 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) by thermal Fenton-type oxidation systems with a view toward defining in more details relevant process parameters, the effect of reaction temperature and of co-catalyst Cu2+. METHODS: Reaction conditions were similar to those generally adopted as optimal in many practical applications, i.e. pollutant/Fe2+ (as FeSO4) ratio ca. 20, Fe2+/Cu2+ (co-catalyst) 2:1, pH adjusted and controlled at pH 3, and H2O2 in excess (up to four-fold over the stoichiometric amount required for complete mineralization). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The results demonstrate that it is advantageous to carry out the reaction at a temperature markedly higher (70 degrees C) than ambient. The stepwise addition of H2O2 in aliquots yields an efficient transformation, while allowing a convenient control of the reaction exothermicity. Under these conditions, the essentially complete removal of the initial DCP is accomplished using just one equiv of H2O2 during 15 min; excess H2O2 (5 equivalents) yields extensive substrate mineralization. Also relevant, at 70 degrees C dechlorination of the initial DCP (and of derived reaction intermediates) is remarkably extensive (3-5% residual TOX), already with the addition of 1 equiv of H2O2. At the end of the reaction, IC and IC-MS analyses of the solution reveal that only low-molecular weight carboxylic acid (acetic, formic, oxalic, malonic, tartaric, etc.) contribute to the residual TOC. CONCLUSIONS: The whole of the results herein point to the advantage of performing the process at temperatures substantially higher than ambient (70 degrees C). Under the conditions adopted, almost complete degradation of the initial toxic compound can be achieved using hydrogen peroxide in fair excess (e.g., 3.5 equiv H2O2). RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK: In applying practical Fenton-type degradation systems to heavily polluted wastes, either for the pre-treatment of waters with a high COD value prior to biodegradation or for complete mineralization of pollutants, the set up of appropriate reaction conditions appears to be a key factor. Also, it is desirable to keep the concentration of iron salts within the lower limits in order to minimize the production and disposal of iron oxide sludges.     

INDUSTRY COMPLIANCE WITH STORM WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION REGULATIONS: THE CASE OF TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY FACILITIES IN CALIFORNIA AND THE LOS ANGELES REGION1

ABSTRACT: Pollutants in urban storm water runoff, a significant and increasing fraction of pollutants in some waters of the U.S., originate from multiple activities. The industrial sector, one source category, is subject to federal and state-level storm water pollution prevention regulations, primarily General NPDES Permits that rely heavily on facility operators to identify themselves and develop appropriate site-specific pollutant controls. Degree of compliance is not readily determined and enforcement is inhibited because no publicly-available inventories contain data necessary to comprehensively identify facilities required to comply. This research evaluates the first stage of compliance, facility self-identification, concentrating on the motor-vehicle, transportation industry category using data at three scales: statewide, regional, and local or watershed. Data for California statewide and for the Los Angeles region show about 8 percent to 15 percent of motor-vehicle transportation facilities have complied with first-stage requirements. However, facility-specific evaluation in one Los Angeles County watershed suggests less than 50 percent of facilities in the industry conduct industrial activities of the kind covered by regulations; others need not comply. Results show strong variation by industry category. Second-stage compliance, follow-up reporting, is also evaluated for the Los Angeles region. About 17 percent to 34 percent of facilities completing first-stage requirements have also completed second-stage requirements.     

Recovery of lotic periphyton communities after disturbance

Periphyton communities represent potentially excellent candidates for assessing the recovery of lotic ecosystems after disturbance. These communities are ubiquitous, relatively easy to sample and measure (in terms of total community biomass), have short generation times, and may influence the recovery rates of higher trophic levels. The first section of this article analyzes how site availability, species availability, and differential species performance influence periphyton successional dynamics. This background information provides a foundation for understanding how periphytic organisms respond after a disturbance. The second section of this article analyzes how periphyton communities respond to four different types of disturbance (flood events, desiccation, organic nutrient enrichment, and toxic metal exposure). Although data are limited, it is concluded that the fast growth rates and short generation times of periphytic organisms, coupled with their flexible life history strategies and good dispersal ability, allow lotic periphyton communities to recover relatively quickly after a disturbance. In addition, disturbance type and severity, local environmental conditions, and site-specific factors also will influence recovery rates. Future research needs include a better understanding of: (1) what periphyton property(ies) would serve as the best index of recovery; (2) whether or not the robustness of this index varies among different environments and different disturbances; (3) interactions between autotrophs and heterotrophs within the periphyton mat, particularly with respect to nutrient cycling; (4) competitive interactions among organisms; (5) functional redundancy of organisms; and (6) the influence of the riparian zone and channel geomorphology on periphyton recovery rates.     

BACTERIAL POPULATIONS OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS RECEIVING DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESS1

ABSTRACT: Bacterial populations in a fast flowing stream receiving chemical wastes and in a slower flowing pond receiving a thermal addition 3–5°C above ambient temperature were compared with populations in a nonpolluted converging stream and an adjacent unheated pond. Parameters measured were total aerobic heterotrophic bacteria, bacterial diversity, percent chromagens of the total bacterial populations, and water temperature. Analyses of monthly samples plated on dilute Standard Plate Count Agar indicated that chemical additives to the waste stream significantly decreased the percent of chromagenic bacteria, and that thermal stress significantly altered total counts and bacterial diversity in the flowing pond. The effects of potential pollutants on these aquatic systems were assessed and are discussed on the basis of results obtained over a 16-month period.     

鄱阳湖区PAHs的多介质迁移和归趋模拟

为分析鄱阳湖区PAHs(多环芳烃)的多介质迁移和归趋行为,以可获取模型验证数据的BaP(苯并芘)、BaA(苯并蒽)、Chr()、Pyr(芘)、Fla(荧蒽)、Phe(菲)6种典型PAHs为研究对象,采用逸度模型Level Ⅲ,预测和模拟鄱阳湖区环境多介质中PAHs的分布和归趋状况. 结果表明:鄱阳湖区水相中ρ(BaP)、ρ(BaA)、ρ(Chr)、ρ(Pyr)、ρ(Fla)、ρ(Phe)的计算值分别为0.043 3、0.050 9、0.021 4、0.149 0、0.122 0、0.295 0 μg/L,与实测值基本一致. 气相、土壤相及沉积物相中6种PAHs的计算值与实测值吻合较好,模型可靠. 土壤相和沉积物相中PAHs残留量(以n计)占该区总残留量的92.6%,远高于气相和水相. PAHs在鄱阳湖区多介质中的相间迁移通量以气相→土相、水相→沉积物相、沉积物相→水相为主. 鄱阳湖区各介质中高环PAHs主要源于外来污水和外来废气输入,外来污水输入量(以n计)和外来废气输入量分别占59.4%和33.6%. 中环和低环PAHs主要源于当地的废气排放和外来污水输入. 土壤相和沉积物相是鄱阳湖区PAHs主要的汇,由土壤和沉积物的内源释放而可能引起的二次污染应引起重视.