STREAM CHEMISTRY IN THE SOUTHERN BLUE RIDGE: FEASIBILITY OF A REGIONAL SYNOPTIC SAMPLING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: A pilot study, which was conducted in the Southern Blue Ridge geographical province of the Southeastern U.S., demonstrated the feasibility of a probability-based regional synoptic design for the National Stream Survey, which is a project aimed at estimating the number and percentage of streams in various regions of the U.S. that are acidic or at risk from acid deposition. Estimated population distributions for key chemical variables were not appreciably affected by week-to-week variability in stream chemistry during the spring index period chosen for the study. Differences were observed in estimated acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), nitrate, and pH frequency distributions between spring and summer. Observations made at the downstream node did not represent the chemistry of the entire reach for some variables (ANC and nitrate) as indicated by differences in chemical concentrations between upstream and downstream sampling locations. Coefficients of variation in chemical species were low enough to provide a reasonably stable classification of streams based on ANC. Although median ANC, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations were quite low in the region, the probability of finding streams with ph < 6.3 is less than 1.3 percent at the α= 0.05 confidence level.     

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOFTWATER FLORIDA LAKES AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO ACID PRECIPITATION1

ABSTRACT: Based on alkalinity data for 596 lakes, 31 percent of Florida's 7300 lakes have < 100 μeq/l alkalinity and are sensitive to acid depostion. More than two-thirds of the lakes in 12 northern Florida counties fit this criterion. Increasing aluminum and decreasing nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations were observed with decressing pH in a survery of 20 softwater lakes. Maximum measured aluminum values (100-150 μg/L) are below levels asociated with fish toxicity. Factor analysis showed that lake chemistry was related to three principal factors, representing three major processes: watershed weathering, acidification, and nutrient inputs. An acidification index defined as the difference between excess SO₄^2- and excess (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) accounted for 74 percent of the variance in lake pH. Comparison of historical (late 1950a) and present data for pH, alkalinity, and excess SO₄^2- indicated loss of alkalinity (>25 μeq/L) and increase in excess SO₄^2- (16-34 μeq/L) in several softwater lakes.     

电解铝工业危险废物处理技术的发展方向

针对电解铝工业产生的大量含氟危险废物,综述了国内外该类危险废物处理技术的发展历程和研究进展,并就目前国内电解铝工业危险废物的两种典型处理工艺进行了对比分析。指出:分类处理和浮选—浸出是目前处理电解铝工业危险废物的最佳工艺;湿法处理是实现电解铝工业危险废物资源化的技术发展方向;有价元素的进一步高效回收需要对工艺条件进行精细控制,从理论层面和分子水平进行深入研究。     

除铊硫酸盐还原菌固定化的优化和表征

采用海藻酸钠和聚乙烯醇等为包埋剂,用包埋法对SRB细菌进行固定化,以固定化小球处理含铊废水的能力和失重率为主要参考指标,通过正交试验确定固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的最佳比例,并通过研究溶胀度和处理能力来评估该材料的性能。研究发现固定化SRB的最佳包埋比例为:聚乙烯醇为6%,二氧化硅为3%,海藻酸钠为0.5%,活性炭为2%,菌液含量为35%,饱和硼酸中氯化钙为2%。固定化SRB对KCl和Fe Cl3溶液有较强的敏感度,和未包埋细菌空白小球相比,固定化SRB对含铊废水有较强的处理能力,最大处理量能达到207.35 mg/g。通过电镜扫描发现,固定化SRB表面和内部布满密集的微孔,对含铊废水处理起到关键的作用。     

贵阳市水库中硫酸盐还原菌及铁还原菌对甲基汞分布的影响

微生物在汞的甲基化过程中起着关键作用,但关于野外微生物活动对甲基汞分布的影响研究较为缺乏.通过对贵阳市不同污染类型水库中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)、铁还原菌(DIRB)、甲基汞(MeHg)及相应水质参数分布规律研究,探讨了水库中SRB和DIRB活动在汞甲基化及其分布中所起的作用.在水库上覆水体中,SRB与甲基汞呈显著正相关关系(r=0.398,p0.015,n=37),表明在上覆水体中,SRB为主要的汞甲基化细菌.在污染严重且差异明显的沉积物中,两种微生物对甲基汞分布的影响各不相同.在受矿山酸性废水污染的阿哈水库,由于其过高的SRB含量及其硫酸盐还原活动,导致夏季沉积物表层硫离子大量积累,严重抑制了汞的甲基化过程,使得沉积物孔隙水表层甲基汞明显低于其它两个水库,也低于阿哈水库上覆水体甲基汞含量.在红枫水库,沉积物表层适宜的SRB活动促进了汞的甲基化,硫酸盐还原物硫离子和孔隙水甲基汞存在显著相关性(r=0.674,p0.001,n=31);在百花水库,由于沉积物曾受到严重汞污染,甲基汞峰值主要受到沉积物总汞的影响,和两种微生物活动及其产物均未表现出显著相关性.     

河口潮滩湿地CH4、CO2排放通量对氮硫负荷增强的响应

以闽江河口区高、中潮滩短叶茳芏湿地为研究对象,于2014年6—11月植物生长季进行氮硫负荷增强实验,利用静态箱-气象色谱法测定土壤CH_4、CO_2排放通量,并同步观测相关环境因子.结果表明,氮硫负荷增强对潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量的影响不尽一致.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(107.53%,7.19%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量增加了3.39%,中潮滩减少了3.00%;NO_3~--N输入使高潮滩CH4、CO_2排放通量分别增加了(29.99%,16.99%),使中潮滩分别减少了(3.45%,4.77%);SO_4~(2-)-S输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别减少了(8.99%,7.67%),使高潮滩CO_2排放通量减少了3.87%,中潮滩增加了5.44%;N-S复合输入使高、中潮滩CH4排放通量分别提高了(72.48%,25.66%),CO_2排放通量提高了(13.32%,13.48%).氮硫负荷增强改变了短叶茳芏沼泽生长季CH_4、CO_2排放通量变化规律,但除了NH+4-N处理对高潮滩CH4通量的影响显著外,其他处理影响均未达到显著性水平.相关分析显示,高、中潮滩湿地CH_4、CO_2排放通量与土壤温度,含水率具有显著的正线性相关关系,与土壤电导率相关性不显著.在全球环境问题日益严重背景下,系统研究湿地生态系统温室气体排放的机制与规律,对于准确估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要而直接的意义.     

浅析电解槽大修渣安全填埋

根据电解铝行业危险废物电解槽大修渣的特点,分析了电解槽大修渣的危害性,确定了电解槽大修渣为危险废物,并按照国家对危险废物填埋相关法律法规的要求和规定,从危险废物填埋场的入场、建设、监控、封场、污染控制等几个方面,对电解槽大修渣的安全填埋处置的环保要求进行了分析,最后对电解槽大修渣填埋的预处理、填埋作业、渗滤液处置等方面提出措施,并分析了措施的有效性,为电解铝行业电解槽大修渣填埋处置提供参考建议.     

不同防污涂层下5083铝合金的海水腐蚀性能研究

目的研究舰船用不同类型防污漆下5083铝合金的海水腐蚀性能。方法采用电化学交流阻抗方法研究加入不同防污剂的三种舰船常用防污体系在完好状态下和人工破损状态下的耐蚀性能。结果获得了3种不同防污体系对5083铝合金在海水浸泡条件下的耐蚀性能结果。结论在涂层体系完好时,加入不同种类防污剂的防污漆体系对基体5083铝合金都有很好的保护作用。其中低表面能类型的防污涂料不易发生水解,所以涂层阻抗随时间变化的幅度很小,涂层的屏蔽性更好、涂层孔隙率更低、颜料与溶液反应阻力更大,保护作用最优异,性能最稳定。在涂层破损状态下,三种防污体系的腐蚀速率为低表面能﹤硫氰酸亚铜﹤Cu2O防污涂层,防污涂层中存在的防污剂Cu2O可加速铝合金基体的腐蚀。     

Deferoxamine pretreatment inhibits metal neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans

Neurodegenerative diseases are increasingly common in humans. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of extracellular plaques containing β‐amyloid peptides and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains. Researchers have focused on the elucidation of a correlation between high concentrations of aluminum or iron (in the organism with observed neuropathology). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of aluminum and iron on the behavioral parameters (pharyngeal pumping and defecation cycle) of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans pretreated with deferoxamine (DFX). Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated as well. DFX is a chelant that is widely used for the treatment of metal toxicity, and it has a high affinity for aluminum and iron. The worms were pretreated with DFX, and then exposed to aluminum and iron. In the absence of DFX, aluminum exposure decreased pharyngeal pumping compared with that in the control group. The defecation cycle of the control was significantly different from that of the worms exposed to aluminum. In contrast, an increased defecation cycle was observed in worms exposed to iron without DFX pretreatment. AChE activity increased in aluminum‐exposed groups that received DFX pretreatment compared with those that did not receive pretreatment. These results suggest that pretreatment with DFX is effective in reducing metal toxicity, particularly with reference to AChE activity, which did not decrease in groups that did not receive DFX pretreatment.     

Preliminary investigation on the role of microorganisms in the production of phosphine

The relationships between the phosphine content and various microbial populations,activities of different enzymes were investigated firstly.The results indicated that the phosphine content of samples from various environments was positively related to total anaerobic microorganisms,organic phosphate compound-dissolving bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,and the activities of alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase,with correlation coefficients (R~2) up to 0.93,0.90,0.69,0.79,and 0.82,respectively.Results also...