盐碱池塘底栖动物的初步研究

研究了不同放养模式的高青盐碱池塘底栖动物的种类组成、生物量及其季节变动。结果表明,盐碱池塘底栖动物群落结构简单,主要优势种是羽摇蚊幼虫和奥特开水丝蚓,底栖动物密度和生物量无鱼对照池比养鱼池高得多,平均密度（nar/m^-2）和生物量（ρA/g m^-2）分别为1103（40－2085）m^-2和4.61(0.15-12.91)g m^-2,养地池底栖动物nar/m^-2和ρA/g m^-2分别为54－161m^-1和0.14-0.54g m^-2。底栖动物密度和生物量在春夏之交有一高峰,对盐碱池塘底栖动物种、量特点及其与鱼类捕食和一些生态因子的关系进行了讨论。     

Exploratory study of suspended sediment concentrations downstream of harvested peat bogs

Peat bog harvesting is an important industry in many countries, including Canada. To harvest peat, bogs are drained and drainage water is evacuated towards neighboring rivers, estuaries or coastal waters. High suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) were found in the drainage water at one particular site during the 2001–2002 spring seasons in New Brunswick (Canada). The main objective of this study was to verify this observation at other sites, compare SSC levels leaving harvested peat bogs with those leaving an unharvested bog, and to determine if high SSC events happen only in Spring or all year round. Suspended sediment concentrations were monitored downstream of three harvested peat bogs and an unharvested reference bog located in New Brunswick during the ice free seasons of 2003–2004. On average, SSC at the harvested sites exceeded 25 mg/l, which is the recommended daily maximum concentration, 72% of the time, while the same concentration was exceeded 30% of the time at the unharvested sites. SSC were found to be significantly higher at harvested sites than at the reference sites for all seasons. The highest SSC medians were recorded in the Fall but SSC was elevated in all seasons. High SSC levels in receiving waters may be caused by field ditching activities and insufficient sediment controls. Findings suggest the NB Peat Harvesting 25 mg/l SSC guideline should be reviewed.     

Suitability of Golf Course Ponds for Amphibian Metamorphosis When Bullfrogs Are Removed

Abstract:  Managing areas designed for human recreation so that they are compatible with natural amphibian populations can reduce the negative impacts of habitat destruction. We examined the potential for amphibians to complete larval development in golf course ponds in the presence or absence of overwintered bullfrog tadpoles ( Rana catesbeiana ), which are frequently found in permanent, human-made ponds. We reared larval American toads ( Bufo americanus ), southern leopard frogs ( R. sphenocephala ), and spotted salamanders ( Ambystoma maculatum ) with 0 or 5 overwintered bullfrog tadpoles in field enclosures located in ponds on golf courses or in experimental wetlands at a reference site. Survival to metamorphosis of American toads, southern leopard frogs, and spotted salamanders was greater in ponds on golf courses than at reference sites. We attributed this increased survival to low abundance of insect predators in golf course ponds. The presence of overwintered bullfrogs, however, reduced the survival of American toads, southern leopard frogs, and spotted salamanders reared in golf course ponds, indicating that the suitability of the aquatic habitats for these species partly depended on the biotic community present. Our results suggest that ponds in human recreational areas should be managed by maintaining intermediate hydroperiods, which will reduce the presence of bullfrog tadpoles and predators, such as fish, and which may allow native amphibian assemblages to flourish.     

养殖塘CH4通量时空变化特征及其影响因素

本研究基于多通道密闭式动态箱法对亚热带典型养殖塘CH₄通量的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明：亚热带养殖塘CH₄主要排放方式是冒泡,CH₄扩散及冒泡通量均呈现明显的季节变化特征.春、夏、秋、冬4个季节CH₄扩散通量分别为：0.113,0.830,0.002,0.005μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量分别为0.923,1.789,0.006,0.007μmol/（m²·s）,冒泡通量占总通量的比例分别为89.04%、68.29%、78.95%和60.52%.在冬、春季养殖塘没有人工管理措施的情况下,CH₄通量随着离岸距离的增加而增大,冬、春季养殖塘中间区域CH₄总通量分别是岸边浅水区的34.70和2.98倍.夏季养殖活跃期CH₄通量在空间上呈现出：人工投食区（7.371μmol/（m²·s））>自然生长区（2.151μmol/（m²·s））>人工增氧区（0.888μmol/（m²·s））>岸边浅水区（0.206μmol/（m²·s））的特征.在0.5h尺度上,春季CH₄扩散通量与水温呈显著正相关关系,与风速呈负相关关系,秋季CH₄扩散通量与水温、风速呈正相关关系,冒泡通量和水温呈正相关关系.在日尺度上,水温是CH₄扩散通量和冒泡通量的主控因子,两者均随着水温升高呈指数增加,并且冒泡通量的水温敏感性Q₁₀（12.72）大于扩散通量（7.78）.     

尾矿库溃坝淹没范围的定量计算方法研究

为降低人造高势能饱和体-尾矿库在金属非金属矿山安全生产中的危险,提高尾矿库工程溃决的预报预测水平,以溃坝洪水与泥浆的动力学过程作为研究重点,以溃坝洪水运动为主线,综合运用水文学、水动力学等运动理论和有限差分数值计算方法,建立描述尾矿库溃决泥浆运动的数值模型,研究得到尾矿库溃坝淹没范围的定量评估方法。最后进行实际工程预测,计算表明该模型和计算方法可为尾矿库溃坝风险等级的划分提供依据。     

Mangrove mapping in Ecuador: The impact of shrimp pond construction

A cooperative mangrove mapping project between the Ecuadorian Center for Remote Sensing (CLIRSEN) and the University of Delaware was begun in August 1982. The objectives of the project were to create historical maps of mangrove ecosystem extent and change, while transferring aerial photographic interpretation techniques to Ecuadorian personnel. The result of this cooperation was a series of three 125,000 scale maps of historical mangrove extent and change from 1966 to 1982 in the southern Gulf of Guayaquil. This multitemporal study showed a 16% decrease in mangrove extent and a 27% increase in shrimp pond development. If these rates of change prevail into the future, mangroves in Ecuador will reach parity with shrimp ponds in 1984 and completely disappear by mid-1990. Recognizing the significance of this loss to shellfish and fish production along the coast, Ecuadorian scientists at CLIRSEN have subsequently initiated a nationwide mangrove mapping program to create a historical base for future mangrove management strategies.     

寒冷地区小城镇污水处理厂调节池性能的研究

小城镇污水处理厂进水的水质水量变化较大,针对哈尔滨市松北集乐污水处理厂中调节池的作用进行了研究,以期为污水厂的优化运行提供技术支持以及为调节池的设计提供理论依据。在调节池前后以及后续单元的出水处取样,每隔2个小时取一个样,总共取24个小时,然后进行COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷的测定。在冬季调节池对于水质的调节有明显的作用,但是污水厂出水的总氮、总磷浓度达不到一级A的标准。建议可以将一部分剩余污泥回流到调节池以强化脱氮除磷效果。     

Changes in the cell size of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium in a hyperhaline pond

Cell length of the diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehr.) Reimann & Lewin was investigated on a fortnightly basis from January to April 2000 in a hyperhaline pond (Sardinia, Mediterranean Sea) and relationships, with changes in temperature, salinity, and nitrite concentrations were assessed using single and multiple regression analyses. Results of our study indicate that C. closterium cell size was inversely related to temperature changes, but that salinity and nitrite concentrations may have a major idiosyncratic effect on cell size variability.     

基于灰色系统理论的尾矿库坝体形变位移预测方法

为了降低尾矿库在金属非金属矿山安全生产中的危险,提高尾矿库在线监测数据的准确性,提高尾矿库工程溃决的预报预测水平,将尾矿库坝体形变位移作为研究重点,以在线监测技术测得的数值为原始数据,利用灰色系统理论的方法,以时间为主线,建立尾矿库坝体位移数学模型.最后,进行了工程实际坝体形变位移预测,结果表明,利用灰色系统理论建立的模型进行预测可以排除天气、人工、现场条件等许多因素的影响,为人工监测提供可靠依据.     

快速城市化地区塘的消减过程研究--以广州市天河区为例

塘是我国南方地区常见的、分布广泛的景观类型,也是相对独立的水生生态系统,在生态系统服务和人类经济文化活动中扮演着非常重要的角色。国际学者对其在保护生物多样性、防涝排水、提升景观及改善人居环境等方面的生态功能研究较多,但国内对塘的形成、消减过程、生态环境功能效应等科学问题一直认识不足,在人口和土地的快速城市化胁迫下,为了增加建设用地使用面积而将水塘填埋的行为广泛存在。文章以广州市天河区为研究区,以1996、2000、2004、2007、2011年5期遥感影像为数据,通过目视解译获取研究区的土地利用特征,提取水塘信息,依据塘的主要功能对塘进行分类,通过缓冲区分析、主成份分析和转移矩阵分析探索快速城市化地区水塘消减过程的数量和空间分布特征。结果表明：（1）研究区内水塘景观在15 a间显著消减,数量由109个减至20个,面积由36.30 hm2降至13.18 hm2,个体减少率为81.65%,面积减少率为63.69%;（2）不同时段、不同功能类型的水塘消减过程存在明显差异,养殖塘、风水塘、山塘和灌溉塘面积急剧减少,景观塘面积先降后增;（3）各时段的塘转换主要去向为居住用地、商业及工矿用地等,周边土地利用格局有交通用地、荒草地的塘更易于被转换成建设用地等其他土地利用类型;（4）在城市人居环境建设中,水塘具有保持生物多样性、调节气温、改善气候、防旱排涝、改善人居环境等生态价值,又具有历史文化、景观美化等人文价值,但水塘已成为快速城市化地区居住、商业、工矿用地的主要侵占对象。作为冷岛的水塘生态系统,在城市化进程和各项规划中都应受到重视与保护。