Benthic Fluxes and Pore Water Profiles in the Tigullio Gulf

Diffusive fluxes of elements (NO^-₂, NO^-₃, NH⁺₄, SiO₂, PO^3-₄, Cl^-, SO^2-₄, Fe, Mn) have been measured by applying the Fick's first law in two stations of the Tigullio Gulf: the first one characterized by sandy sediments rich in vegetal detritus and the second one, located to within the tourist harbour, characterized by a silty-clay sediments.

Benthic fluxes were measured only in the second station by means of benthic chamber experiments. Although the significant presence of dissolved oxygen in the surface sediments, and the evidence of processes usually occurring in oxidised sediments such as nitrification, both stations also presented characteristics of anoxic sediments such as high oxygen consumption rate and high pore water concentrations of ion, manganese and N-ammonia and reactive orthophosphate.

In both stations, sediments seemed to represent a potential source for most of the chemical species studied, although fluxes were not confirmed for ion, manganese and reactive orthophosphate in benthic chamber experiments.

Diffusive fluxes presented a general agreement for both stations, with higher fluxes of N-nitrate and N-nitrite at the first station were oxidative processes of N-ammonia in the upper layer of the sediments seemed to be more active. the comparison between diffusive and benthic fluxes showed a possible contribution of bioturbation.     

Differences in nitrous oxide fluxes from red soil under different land uses in mid-subtropical China

Red soil may play an important role in nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions due to its recent land use change pattern. To predict the land use change effect on N₂O emissions, we examined the relationship between soil N₂O flux and environmental determinants in four different types of land uses in subtropical red soil. During two years of study (January 2005-January 2007), biweekly N₂O fluxes were measured from 09:00 to 11:00 a.m. using static closed chamber method. Objectives were to estimate the seasonal and annual N₂O flux differences from land use change and, reveal the controlling factors of soil N₂O emission by studying the relationship of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), water filled pore space (WFPS) and soil temperature with soil N₂O flux. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly higher in hot-humid season than in the cool-dry season. Significant differences in soil N₂O fluxes were observed among four land uses; 2.9, 1.9 and 1.7 times increased N₂O emissions were observed after conventional land use conversion from woodland to paddy, orchard and upland, respectively. The mean annual budgets of N₂O emission were 0.71-2.21 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from four land use types. The differences were partly attributed to increased fertilizer use in agriculture land uses. In all land uses, N₂O fluxes were positively related to soil temperature and DOC accounting for 22-48% and 30-46% of the seasonal N₂O flux variability, respectively. Nitrous oxide fluxes did significantly correlate with WFPS in orchard and upland only. Nitrous oxide fluxes responded positively to MBC in all land use types except orchard which had the lowest WFPS. We conclude that (1) land use conversion from woodland to agriculture land uses leads to increased soil N₂O fluxes, partly due increased fertilizer use, and (2) irrespective of land use, soil N₂O fluxes are under environmental controls, the main variables being soil temperature and DOC, both of which control the supply of nitrification and denitrification substrates.     

碳纳米管径向尺寸对碳纳米管自支撑膜孔隙结构及通量的影响

为了探索碳纳米材料膜在水处理中应用的可能性,本实验选取4种径向尺寸的碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotubes, CNTs),采用压力辅助过滤技术制备CNTs自支撑膜.通过对CNTs自支撑膜的平均孔径、孔径分布及截留分子量(Molecular weight Cut-Off,MWCO)等进行分析,研究了CNTs径向尺寸变化对CNTs自支撑膜孔隙结构的影响.结果表明,CNTs的径向尺寸越小,制备得到的CNTs自支撑膜越趋向于形成小孔径的膜孔,且孔径分布更加均匀,孔隙面积比越高,膜的MWCO越小.单壁碳纳米管(Single-walled carbon nanotube, SWNT)与多壁碳纳米管(Multi-walled carbon nanotube, MWNT)相比,前者更容易形成膜平均孔径更小且孔径分布更均匀的CNTs自支撑膜.膜通量测定结果表明,研究制备的CNTs自支撑膜的通量属于低压膜范围,通量在230～347 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1)·bar~(-1)之间.其中,虽然由径向尺寸较小的CNTs所制备的CNTs自支撑膜的平均孔径更小,但由于其具有更高的孔隙面积比和更小的膜厚度,其纯水通量相对高于由大径向尺寸CNTs制备的CNTs自支撑膜.     

物理和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对内源磷再生和形态转化的协同作用

为探讨物理和摇蚊幼虫组合扰动对内源磷再生和形态转化的协同作用,选取了苏州某富营养化河道为研究对象.利用室内静态培养试验和Rhizon间隙水采样技术,着重对比了单纯的摇蚊幼虫扰动和组合扰动下,上覆水、间隙水、沉积物中磷形态数量分布的变化规律.结果表明,组合扰动下,上覆水中不同形态磷含量(TP、PP、DTP、DIP)均处于较高水平,明显高于摇蚊幼虫扰动.这可归因于微生物活性的显著增加.与摇蚊幼虫扰动相比,组合扰动下,间隙水中DIP和Fe2+浓度的降低幅度和降低范围明显更大.这主要是由于物理扰动和底栖生物扰动产生的叠加效应,导致溶解氧渗透深度增加.另外,0~2 cm沉积物中,NH4Cl-P含量明显降低,Fe/Al-P明显增加,并且,NH4Cl-P和Fe/Al-P的变化幅度均在组合扰动下最大.这暗示了物理扰动和底栖生物扰动对磷再生和迁移产生的叠加效应.     

凸轮机构基本尺寸对运行稳定性的影响

安全稳定性是凸轮机构运行的首要要求,从凸轮机构设计入手,在理论上分析了压力角和基圆半径对机构运行稳定性的影响。稳定性的影响因素很多,本文指出压力角和基圆半径的确定,要把理论计算和实际经验结合,确定恰当的参数,提高机构运行的稳定性,可靠性。     

聚醚砜超滤膜的研制

以聚醚砜为原料，二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂，研究了铸膜液组成和若干因素对膜性能的影响。选择适当的膜液组成和制备条件，可制得截留分子量分别为２０００，６０００，１００００的超滤膜，用该膜对α－干扰素进行分离。截留率均可达到９９％以上。     

沈阳市区大气颗粒物元素组分及其分布

本研究采用美国安德逊五段冲击式采样器进行大气颗粒物采样，用中子活化法进行分析，获得４３种元素质量浓度，并求得各种元素的质量中值直径和几何标准差。     

淀山湖上覆水与沉积物孔隙水中重金属的分布特征

研究了淀山湖上覆水和沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd,Cr,Cu ,Fe和Mn的浓度及Eh 分布 ,分析了孔隙水中重金属的扩散通量 .结果表明 ,淀山湖中重金属的浓度由高到低依次为 :Mn >Fe >Cr,Cu ,Pb >Cd ;Fe和Mn在孔隙水中的浓度远远大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ,表层沉积物孔隙水中Pb ,Cd ,Cr,Cu的浓度稍大于它们在上覆水中的浓度 ;沉积物中的重金属可能按照浓度梯度经孔隙水从沉积物向上覆水中扩散而最终影响上覆水的水质     

PM10冲击采样器切割头设计参数对切割粒径的影响

本文从颗粒在气流中的受力情况分析入手 ,得到冲击采样器中喷嘴喷出后颗粒的运动轨迹方程以及运动轨迹与采样器切割头设计参数的关系式。分析了PM10空气采样器的切割原理 ,并利用数值计算研究颗粒在不同的流量、喷嘴尺寸及喷嘴与冲击板的距离下的运动轨迹 ,从而得到切割头设计参数对切割粒径的影响